CATTLE FEED ppt.pptx

Cattle feed presentation

1. CATTLE FEED & INDUSTRIAL USES

2. INTRODUCTION The by-products obtained during oil extraction from the seeds are Spill, Hull, Oil Cake , Pressmud , Shell pieces etc. Oil cakes are of two types, edible and non-edible Edible oil cakes have a high nutritional value; especially protein content ranging from 15% to 50% (www.seaofindia.com) Due to their rich protein content, they are used as animal feed, especially for cattle and fish

3. While, Non edible oil cakes (castor cake, karanja cake, neem cake) are used as organic nitrogenous fertilizers, due to their N P K content. Some of these oil cakes are found to increase the nitrogen uptake of the plant They also protect the plants from soil nematodes, insects, and parasites; thereby over great resistance to infection (www.itdgpublishing.org.uk)

4. Classification of Feeds Roughages/ Forages: Pasture, stockpiled forage, hay, silage, crop residues, and straws Pastures and stockpiled forage can often meet or exceed the protein and energy needs of most cows, even lactating cows. Cool season grasses like fescue and orchard grass are very nutritious in the leafy stages, but their nutritional value decreases rapidly as these grasses bloom Hays are usually adequate to marginal in energy and protein. Legume hays are high in protein Silage from corn or sorghums are moderate to high in energy and low in protein Straw and some crop residues may provide limited amounts of energy, but are very deficient in protein

5. 2) Concentrates- Energy feeds Grains are high in energy and low to moderate in protein content. Corn is the standard energy feed and is the most widely fed grain Molasses has 80% of the energy of corn and contains 14% more moisture. It is primarily a palatability enhancer or a carrier for minerals Fats and oils contain 2-2.25 times the amount of energy per pound as corn, but they should be used sparingly in cattle diets. Diets containing more than 5% fat can impair rumen function High energy by-products include soybean hulls, hominy, distiller’s grains, brewer’s grains, corn gluten feed and wheat middlings ( mids )

6. 3) Concentrates- Protein feeds Soybean meal is the principal supplementary protein source in many livestock diets. It is a well balanced natural protein with some by-pass properties. Whole soybeans, roasted or raw, can also be fed to cattle, but they have a high fat content. Raw soybeans contain a protein digestion inhibitor so they should be used sparingly. Whole soybeans contain about 15% less protein than soybean meal Cottonseed meal is slightly lower in protein content than soybean meal. Whole cottonseed is also high in energy and fiber . Whole cottonseeds may also be fed to cattle, but it contains only half the protein of cottonseed meal and are high in fat Poultry litter contains moderate levels of protein and marginal to adequate levels of energy. As long as it is properly deep-stacked before feeding, it contains no harmful bacteria or other pathogens Urea is the most common non-protein nitrogen (NPN) fed. NPN must be fed with an energy source that is readily available to the rumen. It should not make up more than 1% of the total diet or 3% of the concentrate mix. Urea is often used in liquid protein supplements to increase the crude protein (CP) value of the product or added to corn silage to boost the CP level

7. 4) Feed Supplements Feed supplements are the compounds used to improve the nutritional value of the basal feeds so as to take care of any deficiency Commonly used feed supplements are Vitamin supplements e.g. Rovimix , Vitablend , Arovit etc. Mineral supplements e.g. Minimix , Milk min, Nutrimilk , Aromin etc. 5) Feed Additives Feed additives are the non-nutritive substances usually added to basal feed in small quantity for the fortification in order to improve feed efficiency and productive performance of the animals

8. Some commonly used feed additives are Antibiotics e.g. Terramycin , Zinc bacitracin, Flavomycin etc. Enzymes e.g. Amylase, lipase, protease, pepsin etc. Hormones eg . Estrogen , progesterone, hexosterol etc. Probiotics e.g. Microbial species. Lactobacillus Biostimulators e.g. Extracts of living organs like spleen, liver, ovary, chick embryo etc. Antioxidants e.g. Vitamin E ( Tocopherols ), BHT ( Butylated hydroxy toluene) Mold inhibitors e.g. Propionic acid, acetic acid Pellet binders e.g Gur , meal, molasses, sodium bentonite

9. Indian Animal Feed Market Cattle Feed Consumption and Growth in India: Sector Feed Consumption (million tonnes) Potential Feed Volume Requirements (2017-18) Estimated Future Annual Feed Consumption Growth rate (%) Cattle 7.5 67 6 (Indian feed Industry, Revitalizing Nutritional Security, Yes Bank Ltd.) (Industry Notes, YBL Research)

10. Cattle Feed Ingredients Grains: Maize, sorghum, rice, oats, wheat, barley, ragi , millets etc. Brans: De-oiled rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, maize bran etc. Protein cakes: Rapeseed cake, soybean cake, cottonseed cake, groundnut cake, coconut cake, palm kernel cake, sesame cake, linseed cake, maize germ oil cake, maize gluten cake, sunflower cake etc. Chunnies : Guar, tur , urd , moong , gram & chunnies of other locally available pulses Agro-industrial by-products: Molasses, babul chunni , tamarind seed powder, mango kernel extraction, tapioca waste etc. Minerals & vitamins: Mineral mixture, calcite powder, common salt, di-calcium phosphate, vitamin A & E.

11. Process Flowchart

12. IS 2052:2009 specification for cattle feed ingredients I. Grains and Seeds Barley Maize Oats Sorghum Jowar (Sorghum vulgare ) Gram Guar seeds Ragi Horse gram Bajra Wheat II. Grain By-products Rice bran Maize bran Wheat bran Guar meal Gram chuni Maize gluten feed & maize screenings Moth ( Phaseolus aconitifolius ) chuni Moong ( Phaseolus aureus ) Arhar or Tur chuni Urad ( Phaseolus mungo ) chuni Gram husk III. Waste Materials and Industrial By-products Tamarind seed power Cottonseed bran Cottonseed hulls Babul (Acacia nilotica ) seeds chuni Ambadi (Hibiscus cannibus ) oilcake Bijda ( Citrulus vulgaris) cake Brewers yeast (IS 10759) Distillery waste Mango seed kernel (dried) (IS 12829 & 10671 ) Molasses (IS 1162) Urea (IS 178I)

13. IV. Oilcakes and Meals Coconut oilcake and solvent extracted coconut oilcake (meal) Cottonseed oilcake and solvent extracted cottonseed oilcake (meal) Groundnut oilcake and solvent extracted groundnut oilcake (meal) ( IS 3441) Linseed oilcake (IS 1935). and solvent extracted linseed oilcake (meal) (IS 3591) Maize germ oilcake (IS 2151) Mustard and rape oilcake (IS 1932). And solvent extracted mustard and rape oilcake (meal) Nigerseed oilcake, and solvent extracted nigerseed oilcake (meal) (IS 5862) Sesamum ( Til ) oilcake (IS 1934). And solvent extracted sesamum oilcake (meal) ( IS 3591) Soyabean (Glycine. Max) oilcake ( IS 1934) Sunflower oilcake ( decorticiated or undecorticated ) (IS 14702). V. Tuber and Roots a) Tapioca spent pulp (IS 5064). b) Tapioca (IS 1509). and c) Tapioca starch.

14. Chemical Composition of Commonly Used Ingredients for Cattle Feed (IS 2052:2009)

15. Recommended Cattle feed Formulae (IS 2052:2009)

16. Type I Type II

17. Type I Type II

18. Compound Cattle Feed The balanced mixture of concentrated ingredients, which varies in composition in accordance with the animal type, season, region etc is called as compound cattle feed.

19. BIS specification for compound cattle food Characteristics Cattle (type 1) Cattle (type 2) Calf starter Calf Grower Moisture max % 11 11 10 10 Crude Protein Min % 22 20 23-26 22-25 Ether extract Min % 3.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 Crude Fiber Max % 7 12 7 10 Acid Insoluble Ash Max % 3 4 2.5 3.5 Salt Max % (as NaCl ) 2 2 - - Calcium (as Ca) min % 0.5 0.5 - - Available Phosphorus 0.5 0.5 - - Vitamin A (IU/Kg) 5000 5000 - -

20. Importance of Nutrient Composition in Cow Feeding Protein: The protein is required to help chew. Dry Matter intake: The cow's appetite in terms of dry matter intake per day is related to body weight and also amount of milk being yielded. In case of high yielding cows, the ability to eat is more. Importance of minerals: A mineral mixture needs to be incorporated in mixed food. Most oil cakes are rich in phosphorous and low in calcium whereas grassland products are rich in calcium and low in phosphorous.

21. Vitamins: The cow and calf can both manufacture their own vitamin D. Deficiency can be avoided by feeding cod liver oil or vitamin A and D in powder form. Fibre: In order to concentrate the diet of high yielding cows use feeding stuff high in digestible nutrients and low in fibre. Such foods are commonly known as concentrates and they include cereal grains and oil cake.

22. As per the quality control manual of FCI the damaged food grains are classified into five Categories for their disposal which may be declared fit for consumption by the livestock/poultry birds. Class Sound/slightly damaged/ touched & broken Grains % Category for which declared fit Feed 1 70-85 Poultry Feed 2 55-70 Cattle Feed 3 30-55 Industrial Manure 10-30 Manure Dumping 4-10 Dumping Use of damaged food grains for feed

23. Region-wise cattle feed production in India: Source: CLFMA, YES Bank Analysis

24. Major Companies in the cattle feed are as below Kapila Feeds Godrej Agrovet Suguna Cattle Feed Amrit Feeds KSE Ltd. Anmol Group

25. Conclusions With the growing opportunities in the cattle feed sector, the concept of feed is converting to animal nutrition. The feed manufacturers are realizing the importance of serving animals with essential nutrients as it strengthens the immune system of animals, improves their health. This increases the productivity of the animals, which eventually increases revenue in the acids & nutrients in animal nutrition market.

26. Cattle feed Ingredients B alanced Cattle feed is produced in  pellet form  by including following ingredients as per requirement and availability. 1. Grains  2. De-Oiled Rice Bran 3. Rice Polish Fine 4. Various types of broken grains and cereals  5. Molasses 6. Mineral Mixture 7. Grounded Salt 8. Vitamins 9. Oil seed extracts. 10. Many other agricultural ingredients.

27. I. Grains and Seeds a) Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). b) Gram ( Cicer arietinum ), c) Guar seeds ( Cyamposis tetragonolobai , d) Horse gram or Kulthi tDolichos biflorus ), e) Jowar (Sorghum vulgare ). t) Maize ( Zea mays ). g) Oats ( Avena sativa). h) Ragi ( Eleusine coracana ). j) Sorghum k) Bajra (Pennisetum typhoidesi, and m) Wheat ( Triticum aestivumy According to IS 2052:2009 cattle feed ingredients are categorized as follows II. Grain By-products Arhar or Tur ( Cajanus cajan ) chuni b) Gram chuni c) Gram husk d) Guar meal e) Maize bran f) Maize gluten feed & maize screenings. g) Moth ( Phaseolus aconitifolius ) chuni , h) Moong ( Phaseolus aureus ). j) Rice bran k) Urad ( Phaseolus mungo ) chuni , and m) Wheat bran

28. III. Oilcakes and Meals a) Coconut oilcake and solvent extracted coconut oilcake (meal) b) Cottonseed oilcake and solvent extracted cottonseed oilcake (meal) c) Groundnut oilcake and solvent extracted groundnut oilcake (meal) ( IS 3441). d) Linseed oilcake (IS 1935). and solvent extracted linseed oilcake (meal) (IS 3591). e) Maize germ oilcake (IS 2151). f) Mustard and rape oilcake (IS 1932). And solvent extracted mustard and rape oilcake (meal). g) Nigerseed oilcake, and solvent extracted nigerseed oilcake (meal) (IS 5862). h) Sesamum ( Til ) oilcake (IS 1934). And solvent extracted sesamum oilcake (meal) ( IS 3591). j) Soyabean ( Glycine . Max) oilcake ( IS 1934). and k) Sunflower oilcake ( decorticiated or undecorticated ) (IS 14702). IV. Tuber and Roots a) Tapioca spent pulp (IS 5064). b) Tapioca (IS 1509). and c) Tapioca starch.

29. V. Waste Materials and Industrial By-products Babul (Acacia nilotica ) seeds chuni , , Tamarind seed power. Ambadi (Hibiscus cannibus ) oilcake/ extraction. Bijda ( Citrulus vulgaris ) cake/extraction, Brewers yeast (IS 10759), Cottonseed bran, Cottonseed hulls, Distillery waste. Mango seed kernel (dried) (IS 12829 and IS 10671), Molasses (IS 1162), and Urea (IS 178I) This balanced mixture of concentrated ingredients, which varies in composition in accordance with the animal type, season, region etc is called as compound cattle feed.

30. Use of damaged food grains for feed As per the quality control manual of FCI the damaged food grains are classified into five Categories for their disposal which may be declared fit for consumption by the livestock/poultry birds. Class Sound/slightly damaged/ touched & broken Grains % Category for which declared fit Feed 1 70-85 Poultry Feed 2 55-70 Cattle Feed 3 30-55 Industrial Manure 10-30 Manure Dumping 4-10 Dumping

31. BIS Specification for cattle feed Characteristics Cattle (type 1) Cattle (type 2) Calf starter Calf Grower Moisture max % 11 11 10 10 Crude Protein Min % 22 20 23-26 22-25 Ether extract Min % 3.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 Crude Fiber Max % 7 12 7 10 Acid Insoluble Ash Max % 3 4 2.5 3.5 Salt Max % (as NaCl ) 2 2 - - Calcium (as Ca) min % 0.5 0.5 - - Available Phosphorus 0.5 0.5 - - Vitamin A (IU/Kg) 5000 5000 - -

32. Cattle feed manufacturing process

33.  The Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers' Association (CLFMA) has prepared its own specifications Characteristic Dairy special feed Type I feed Type II feed Type III feed Moisture (maximum %) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Crude protein (on dm basis) (minimum %) 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 Undegraded protein (minimum %) 8.0 -- -- -- Crude fat (minimum %) 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 Crude fibre (maximum %) 7.0 7.0 12.0 14.0 Acid-insoluble ash (maximum %) 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Source: CLFMA Standards for Compound Animal Feeds. CLFMA specifications for compound feeds, dairy cattle and buffaloes

34. Characteristic Chick feed Grower feed Layer feed, I Layer feed II Broiler starter feed Broiler finisher feed Breeder chick feed Breeder grower feed Broiler breeder feed Layer breeder feed Broiler male breeder feed Moisture  (maximum %) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Crude protein  (minimum %) 18 14 16 14 20 18 18 14 16 16 14 Fat  (maximum %) 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Crude fibre  (maximum %) 7 8 8 10 6 5 5 7 7 7 7 Acid-insoluble ash  (maximum %) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Metabolizable energy  (minimum cal/kg) 2 600 2 300 2 500 2 300 2 600 2 700 2 600 2 400 2 500 2 500 2 400 Source:  CLFMA Standards for Compound Animal Feeds. CLFMA specifications for compound feeds, poultry

35. References CLFMA – Livestock Industry Survey Report 2014. Hall, J. B., Seay , W. W., & Baker, S. M. (2005). Nutrition and feeding of the cow-calf herd: essential nutrients, feed classification and nutrient content of feeds. Source: Industry Notes, YBL Research. Indian feed Industry, Revitalizing Nutritional Security, Yes Bank Ltd. IS 2052 : 2009, Compounded feeds for cattle – Specification. http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/Classification_of_Feeds_and_Fodders

36. Thanks..