CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx

CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1.pptx
Breeding methods and achievements
Nalanda college of horticulture
Bihar agriculture University ,
sabour bhagalpur

1. Cauliflower breeding PRESENTED BY: - SAURABH KUMAR SINGH NCOH/26/2021-22 SUMITTED BY:-DR.RANJU KUMARI DR.S.S SINGH DR.ALOK KUMAR

2. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Botrytis L. Chromosome number (2n = 2x = 18) Family :- Brassicaceae Mode of pollination: - cross pollinated crop. Major growing areas : UP, Karnataka, West Bengal, Punjab, and Bihar. Origin :- Mediterranean region. Ancestor :-B. Oleracea L. Var. Sylvestris L. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

3. Cauliflower is a biennial or annual herb.
The root system is strongly ramified, concentrating in the top 30 cm of soil, with thick laterals penetrating to deeper layers.
The stem is unbranched, 20-30 cm long and thickened upwards. The leaves are in a rosette (frame) of 15-25 large oblong more or less erect leaves surrounding the compact terminal flower head (curd).
Usually lateral buds do not develop in the leaf axils.
The glabrous leaves are almost sessile and coated with a layer of wax. PLANT TYPE -

4. 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and 2 carpels.
The carpels form a superior ovary with false septum and two rows of campylotropous ovules.
The androecium is tetradynamous , i.e. There are two short and four long stamens. FLORAL BIOLOGY

5. The pollen grains are 30-40 μ in diameter and have three germination pores.
The bright yellow petals become 15-25 mm long and about 10 mm wide. The sepals are erect.
The buds open under the pressure of the rapidly growing petals. This process starts in the afternoon, and usually the flowers become fully expanded during the following morning.
The anthers open a few hours later, the flowers being slightly protogynous .

6. 1.SELFING :- The self-compatible varieties of cauliflower can be selfed by simply bagging the flowering stalk. Selfing is also done by caging some plants with flies in cages or by isolation planting of lines having decreased level of self-incompatibility. With self-incompatible plants, bud pollination gives better results. In this system, the pollination is carried out in buds before 2-4 days of opening, with emasculation or without emasculation. POLLINATION TECHNIQUE IN CAULIFLOWER

7. 2.CROSSING:- The flowers may be emasculated by removing 6 stamens using a pair of forceps. In self- compatible cauliflowers (European types), the stamens are removed before the opening of the buds as the flowers are already fertile in the bud stage, crossing can be done at the same time. In self-incompatible types, emasculation may be omitted. When pollination cages are available, crosses between self-incompatible types can be made by insects such as honey bees, bumble bees and flies.

8. High yield
Breeding for Curd Quality, head shape and size of head, Core width and length, Frame size
Non- ricey , compact, bract free protected curds with retentive cream/white curd colour(orange colour-carotene pigments)
range >400 g/100 g in a deep orange curd to 3 g/100 g in a very white curd. Self blanching habit. BREEDING OBJECTIVE

9. Heat tolerance
Suitable varieties for curd formation in summer (early and late), autumn maturing genotypes and rainy seasons in the hills
Better seeding ability.
Self-incompatible but cross-compatible inbreds to produce hybrids of tropical type
Resistance to diseases (black rot, sclerotinia rot, alternaria blight, erwinia rot)

10. BREEDING METHODS Introduction:- Introduction is basically a process of transposition of crop plants from the place of their cultivation to such area where they were never grown earlier. Primary introduction :- introduction which are immediately adopted to the changed environment. Secondary introduction:- introduction which require few year for adaptation. Improved Japanese ’ is an introduction from Israel. Plants erect, leave bluish green, curds compact white, maturing in late November to mid-December at 16-20°C. It does not tolerate hot season.

11. It is the simplest and oldest breeding methods. the process of choosing plant which have same phenotypic characteristics from mass cultivation. MASS SELECTION:- A large number of plants of similar phenotype are selected and their seed are mixed together to constitute the new variety. 1. Pusa Himjyoti 2. Pusa Snowball K-1
3. Pusa Ketki 4. Pant Shubhra 5. Pusa Deepali 6.pusa Aghani SELECTION

12. The mating or Crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. PEDIGREE METHOD: - Individual plant are selected from F2 generation and subsequent generation, their progeny are grown and a record of all the parent offspring relationship is maintained. Hybrid varieties:- 1. Pusa Shubhra (MGS 2-3×15-1-1)×D 96 2. Pusa Aghani 3. Pusa snowball “cross between EC12013 ×EC 12012” HYBRIDIZATION

13. 1.Synthetic Varieties:- A synthetic variety is produced by crossing in all combinations a number of lines that combine well with each other, and is maintained by open-pollination in isolation. Pusa Synthetic ’ was synthesized at IARI, New Delhi in 1975 from 7 inbred lines with good combining ability. It has erect plants with 24-28 leaves varying in colour. Curds on, another such variety, namely, Pusa Early Synthetic’ was recommended for release in 1990. Pant gobhi-3 released in GB Pantnagar University. Population improvement approach

14. 2 . Recurrent selection :- The method involves reselection generation after generation with interbeeding of selects to provide for genetic recombinations . Pant Shubra’ was developed through simple recurrent selection at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar .

15. Biotic stress Blackrot , Curd and inflorescence blight resistant varieties :– Pusa Shubhra , Pusa snowball K-1 Sclerotia rot resistant - Pusa Snowball K-2 S. Abiotic stress 1. Early Kunwari 2. Pusa early synthetic 3. Pusa ketki . 4. Pusa Deepali RESISTANCE BREEDING