Cause & Effect, Statment & Assumptions and Statement & Argument.pptx

The presentation deals with Cause and Effect, Statement and Assumptions and Statement and Argument.

1. Logical Reasoning & Soft Skills

2. Critical Reasoning -Success In Professional And Academic Settings. Go Beyond Memorization - Demonstrate Their Ability To Think Logically Analyze Information - Make Sound Judgments Under Pressure Why do we have statement-based questions in competitive exams?

3. Cause and Effect Cause: The reason why something happens. Effect: The result of that cause. Reading Skill: Identify logical connection between two events. Statement: Heavy rain caused waterlogging in the city. Cause: Heavy rain Effect: Waterlogging in the city.

4. Cause and Effect - Exercises Q1. Smoking increases chances of lung diseases. Q2. Demand for electric cars rises as fuel prices increase. Q3. Lack of sleep results in poor concentration. Q4. Online shopping has grown due to internet penetration. Q5. Heavy advertising increases product sales.

5. Q1. Statement I: Heavy rains were reported in several parts of Tamil Nadu. Statement II: Flood water entered residential areas, displacing many families. Options: a) Statement I is the cause and Statement II is its effect b) Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect c) Both are independent causes d) Both are effects of a common cause

6. Q2. Statement I: Many students scored very high marks in the entrance exam this year. Statement II: The cut-off marks for admission in top colleges went very high. Options: a) Statement I is the cause and Statement II is its effect b) Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect c) Both are independent causes d) Both are effects of a common cause

7. Q3. Statement I: The government increased tax on tobacco products. Statement II: Many people reduced consumption of cigarettes. Options: a) Statement I is the cause and Statement II is its effect b) Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect c) Both are independent causes d) Both are effects of a common cause

8. Q4. Statement I: Many farmers committed suicide in drought-hit regions. Statement II: The government announced a loan waiver scheme for farmers. Options: a) Statement I is the cause and Statement II is its effect b) Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect c) Both are independent causes d) Both are effects of a common cause

9. Q5. Statement I: There was a huge rush at petrol pumps across the country. Statement II: The government announced a sharp increase in petrol prices from the next day. Options: a) Statement I is the cause and Statement II is its effect b) Statement II is the cause and Statement I is its effect c) Both are independent causes d) Both are effects of a common cause

10. Statement and Assumptions Statement: A given expression or proposal. Assumption: Something taken for granted as true. Task: Identify which assumption is implicit in the statement. Statement: 'Use eco-friendly bags instead of plastic bags.' Assumption 1: Plastic bags are harmful. (Valid) Assumption 2: People will not stop using bags. (Irrelevant)

11. Statement and Assumptions - Exercises Q1. Statement: “To improve the standard of cricket, more matches should be played at the international level.” Assumptions: I. Playing more matches will improve the standard of cricket. II. The standard of cricket is not good enough now. Options: a) Only assumption I is implicit b) Only assumption II is implicit c) Both I and II are implicit d) Neither I nor II is implicit Answer: c) Both I and II are implicit Explanation: If the statement suggests improvement, it assumes (1) more matches = improvement and (2) current standard is not good enough.

12. Q2. Statement: “Use mosquito nets to protect yourself from malaria.” Assumptions: I. Mosquito nets are an effective method to prevent malaria. II. Malaria spreads through mosquitoes. Options: a) Only I is implicit b) Only II is implicit c) Both I and II are implicit d) Neither I nor II is implicit Answer: c) Both I and II are implicit Explanation: The advice assumes both conditions are true.

13. Q3. Statement: “All students must wear ID cards inside the campus.” Assumptions: I. ID cards help in identifying students. II. The college is very strict about discipline. Options: a) Only assumption I is implicit b) Only assumption II is implicit c) Both I and II are implicit d) Neither I nor II is implicit Answer: a) Only assumption I is implicit Explanation: The purpose of ID cards is identification. Strict discipline is not directly assumed.

14. Q4. Statement: “Government should provide free Wi-Fi in public places.” Assumptions: I. People need internet access in public places. II. Free Wi-Fi will increase government expenditure. Options: a) Only I is implicit b) Only II is implicit c) Both I and II are implicit d) Neither I nor II is implicit Answer: a) Only I is implicit Explanation: Statement assumes demand for internet access, but it does not assume expenditure concern.

15. Q5. Statement: “Job reservations for economically weaker sections will help reduce inequality.” Assumptions: I. Job opportunities are unequal in society. II. Reservation is a tool to address inequality. Options: a) Only I is implicit b) Only II is implicit c) Both I and II are implicit d) Neither I nor II is implicit Answer: c) Both I and II are implicit Explanation: Statement assumes both that inequality exists and that reservation can reduce it.

16. Statement and Argument Statement: A declaration or opinion. Argument: Reason supporting or opposing the statement. Task: Decide if argument is strong/weak. Statement: 'Should college students wear uniforms?' Argument 1: Yes, it promotes equality. (Strong) Argument 2: No, it reduces freedom. (Strong depending on context).

17. Statement and Argument - Exercises Q1. Statement: “Should India make voting compulsory in elections?” Arguments: I. Yes, it will increase people’s participation in democracy. II. No, it will violate individual freedom. Options: a) Only argument I is strong b) Only argument II is strong c) Both I and II are strong d) Neither I nor II is strong Answer: c) Both I and II are strong Explanation: Argument I is strong (democratic participation). Argument II is also strong (freedom concern).

18. Q2. Statement: “Should English be made the medium of instruction in all schools in India?” Arguments: I. Yes, it will help Indian students compete at the global level. II. No, it will destroy regional languages and culture. Options: a) Only argument I is strong b) Only argument II is strong c) Both I and II are strong d) Neither I nor II is strong Answer: c) Both I and II are strong Explanation: Both arguments highlight valid but opposing considerations.

19. Q3. Statement: “Should mobile phones be banned in colleges?” Arguments: I. Yes, they distract students from studies. II. No, they are useful for learning and emergencies. Options: a) Only argument I is strong b) Only argument II is strong c) Both I and II are strong d) Neither I nor II is strong Answer: c) Both I and II are strong Explanation: Both arguments are reasonable and balanced.

20. Q4. Statement: “Should government invest heavily in space research?” Arguments: I. Yes, it brings technological advancement and prestige. II. No, funds should be used for poverty eradication and basic needs. Options: a) Only argument I is strong b) Only argument II is strong c) Both I and II are strong d) Neither I nor II is strong Answer: c) Both I and II are strong Explanation: Both sides are logically strong — technology vs. immediate needs.

21. Q5. Statement: “Should higher education in India be privatized?” Arguments: I. Yes, privatization will improve quality and competitiveness. II. No, it will make education unaffordable for the poor. Options: a) Only argument I is strong b) Only argument II is strong c) Both I and II are strong d) Neither I nor II is strong Answer: c) Both I and II are strong Explanation: Both arguments are valid — quality vs. accessibility.

22. Trust and Collaboration Trust: Belief in reliability, integrity, or ability of a person/team. Collaboration: Working together to achieve a shared goal. Both are key in MBA leadership and management .