Cavanaugh_ADAA9e_PPT_Chapter14_Healthy Aging.pptx

psychology

1. Adult Development and Aging, 9e Chapter 14: Epilogue: Healthy Aging Cavanaugh, Adult Development and Aging, 9 th Edition © 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Chapter Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 14.1. Describe the demographic trends to 2030 and beyond, and relate these to the status of Social Security and Medicare. 14.2. Define healthy aging and how it relates to salutogenesis , positive psychology, uses of technology, and approaches to health promotion and disease prevention.

3. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (1 of 6) Demographic Trends: 2030-2050 and Beyond Future issues when the last baby boomer reaches 65 (2030): The proportion of older adults will have nearly doubled. Older adults will be politically sophisticated and organized. Will want to keep their affluent lifestyle, Social Security benefits, health care, comfortable retirement Ratio of workers to retirees will fall from 3:1 to 2:1. Lowered sense of obligation toward elderly parents Rapid increase of ethnic minority older adults

4. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (2 of 6)

5. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (3 of 6)

6. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (4 of 6) Social Security and Medicare Political landscape 1970s: older adults began to be portrayed as scapegoats concerning government resources Because of tremendous growth of federal dollars expended on them, older adults portrayed as highly politically active, fiscally conservative, and selfish 1983: Congress made considerable changes in the name of intergenerational fairness. Reduced benefits to wealthy older adults Changed eligibility rules Targeted benefits for those below the poverty level

7. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (5 of 6) Social Security and Medicare Social Security 1935: initiative by FDR to “ frame a law which will give some measure of protection to the average citizen and to his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age. ” Revisions to the law have changed SS so it now represents the primary financial support after retirement to many Americans. In the 21st century, other plans, 401(k), 403(b), 457, mutual funds, IRAs, savings option, may change SS back to being the supplement it was supposed to be. Primary challenge to SS is the large cohort of baby boomers drawing benefits and a smaller generation paying into the system. In 2010, benefit payments first exceeded revenues.

8. Demographic Trends and Social Policy (6 of 6) Medicare Over 65 million U.S. citizens depend on Medicare. Eligibility for Medicare Over 65, be disabled, have permanent kidney failure Consists of three parts Part A: inpatient hospital services, etc. Part B: outpatient services, etc. Part D: some coverage for prescription medications Medicare costs have increased rapidly as the baby boomers increase in numbers.

9. Discussion Activity 14-1 How has political motivations impacted government programs for older adults? How has this impacted the aging process?

10. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (1 of 10) Healthy aging involves avoiding disease, being engaged with life, and maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning. It is both measurable and subjective. It is reached when a person achieves his or her desired goals with dignity and as independently as possible.

11. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (2 of 10) The life-span perspective can be used to create a formal model for healthy aging based on motivation and control. Emphasizes core assumptions that recognizes that aging is complex process Basic premises of successful aging include keeping A balance between gains and losses over time The influence of nonaging factors to a minimum Antecedents, mechanisms, outcomes The SOC model serves as the basis for intervention programs to help people age successfully.

12. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (3 of 10) Current models of behavioral change are complex and include not only behavioral but also motivational, cognitive, social, and technology components. The two that are the focus of most research are the self-efficacy model and the self-regulation model.

13. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (4 of 10) Trends Exercise is basic for good health. Health education programs are effective in minimizing the effects of emotional stress. Health screening programs effectively identifying serious chronic disease Salutogenesis is an approach that emphasizes factors that support and promote health, rather than factors that cause disease. A shift to positive aspects that improve one’s existence

14. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (5 of 10) Technology and Healthy Aging The use of technology is one way to enhance the competence of older adults. Technology provides powerful ways to achieve all of the aspects of the SOC model but compensation is the most apparent (navigation, pain management, transportation).

15. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (6 of 10) Healthy Aging, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention The keys to successful aging are: Sound health habits Good habits of thought Optimistic outlook and interest in new things A social network Sound economic habits

16. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (7 of 10) Healthy Aging, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention Issues in prevention Primary prevention Intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring Secondary prevention Instituted after a condition has begun Tertiary Prevention Efforts to avoid complications or secondary chronic conditions Quaternary prevention Aimed at improving functional capacities of people with chronic conditions

17. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (8 of 10) Table 14.2 Types of Prevention Interventions Type of Prevention Description Examples Primary Any intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring Immunizations against diseases, healthy diet Secondary Program instituted early after a condition has begun (but may not have been diagnosed) and before significant impairment has occurred Cancer screening, other medical tests Tertiary Efforts to avoid the development of complications or secondary chronic conditions, manage the panic associated with the primary chronic condition, and sustain life Moving a person who is bedridden to avoid sores, getting medical intervention, getting a patient out of bed to improve mobility after surgery Quaternary Effort specifically aimed at improving the functional capacities of people who have chronic conditions Cognitive interventions for people with Alzheimer’s disease, rehabilitation programs after surgery

18. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (9 of 10) Lifestyle Factors in Health Promotion Exercise Aerobic exercise : places moderate stress on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between 60% and 90% of the person’ s maximum heart rate Nutrition Metabolism : how much energy the body needs Metabolism and digestive process slow down with age. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) : cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries High-density lipoproteins (HDL) : help keep arteries clear by breaking down LDLs Body mass index (BMI) : ratio of body weight and height BMI = w/h^2

19. Healthy Aging: Living Well in Later Life (10 of 10)

20. Knowledge Check Activity 14-1 What is any intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring? A) Secondary B) Tertiary C) Primary D) Quaternary

21. Knowledge Check Activity 14-1: Answer What is any intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring? Answer B: Primary Primary prevention is any intervention that prevents a disease or condition from occurring.

22. Epilogue When you are old, will you be able to look back and say, “I lived long—and I prospered ” ?

23. Self-Assessment How are demographics expected to change between 2030 and 2050? How has Social Security and Medicare changed over the years? What is considered healthy aging? How does positive psychology impact healthy aging? How is the use of technology related to healthy aging? What are some things that older adults can do to help prevent disease and promote health?

24. Summary Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation. Link to Objectives