cbc presentation.pptx

CBC PARAMETERS

1. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT CBC

2. Complete Blood Count (CBC) Panel of tests that examine different components of the blood . • CBC values • RBC count • Hemoglobin • Hematocrit • RBC indices • WBC count and differential • Platelet count

3. RBC NORMAL RANGE MALE 4.5-5.8 10 12 /L FEMALE 3.8-5.4 10 12 /L

4. LOW RBC COUNT Known as anemia Acute or chronic bleeding RBC destruction (e.g., hemolytic anemia, etc.) Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency) Bone marrow disorders or damage Chronic inflammatory disease Kidney failure

5. HIGH RBC COUNT Known as polycythemia Dehydration Pulmonary disease Kidney or other tumor that produces excess erythropoietin Smoking Genetic causes (altered oxygen sensing, abnormality in hemoglobin oxygen release) Polycythemia vera

6. HEMOGLOBIN Is the protein molecule that carries oxygen in the Red Blood Cells. 13.5-17.5 g/dl in males 12.5-15.5 g/dl in females

7. HEMATOCRIT Males normal 40-45% Females normal 37-47% High Hct Polycythemia Vera Erythropioten use Dehydration Capillary leak syndrome Sleep apnea Anabolic Steroid use Low Hct Due to anemia Anemia can be characterised by using the indices

8. • RBC indices Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV ):a measurement of the  average size of RBCs Normal 80-100fL Low MCV indicates RBCs are smaller than normal (microcytic iron deficiency anemia, or thalassemias , Congenital sideroblastic Anemia, Lead Poisoning, pyridoxine deficiency, anemia of chronic disease High MCV indicates RBCs are larger than normal (macrocytic) MEGALOBLASTIC MACROCYTIC ANEMIAMacrocytes in bone marrow smear Medications affecting folate metabolism Vit B12 deficiency (Pernicious Anemia) Folate deficiency (Alcohol related often) Atrophic Gastitis

9. • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a RBC • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration(MCHC): the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a RBC MCH AND MCHC Less in Microcytic Anemias Normal in Macrocytic Anemias Elevated in hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease and Honozygous Hemoglobin C diseaseRED S

10. RBC indices • Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): a variation in the size of RBCs Low value indicates uniformity in size of RBCs High value indicates mixed population of small and large RBCs; immature RBCs tend to be larger. For example, in iron deficiency anemia or pernicious anemia, there is high variation ( anisocytosis ) in RBC size (along with variation in shape – poikilocytosis ), causing an increase in the RDW.

11. WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT The normal number of WBCs in the blood is 4,000-10,000 white blood cells per microliter ( mcL ). Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different labs. There are five basic white blood cell types : • Neutrophils 45-70% • Eosinophils 1-5% • Basophils 0-1% • Lymphocytes 25-45% • Monocytes 2-12% Each WBC cell type has its ' own unique features .

12. LEUKOPENIA Low white cell count may be due to acute viral infections, such as with a cold or influenza. It can be associated with chemotherapy , radiation therapy, myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia (failure of white cell, red cell and platelet production). HIV and AIDS are also a threat to white cells. Other causes of low white blood cell count include systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's lymphoma , some types of cancer, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies, psittacosis, sepsis and Lyme disease. Many other causes exist, such as deficiency in certain minerals , such as coppera nd zinc .

13. LEUKOCYTOSIS Known as leukocytosis Infection , most commonly bacterial or viral Inflammation Leukemia , myeloproliferative disorders Allergies , asthma Tissue death (trauma, burns, heart attack ) ¢ Intense exercise or severe stress Will mention in detail in respective cell line.

14. Neutrophils   These are the most common of the WBCs and serve as the primary defense against infection. The typical response to infection or serious injury is an increased production of neutrophils. Bands/Stabs  Early in the response to infection, immature forms of neutrophils will be seen. These are call Stab or Band cells. The presence of these immature cells is called a "shift to the left" and can be the earliest sign of a WBC response, even before the WBC becomes elevated .

15. Eosinophils  These cells play a role in allergic disorders and in combating parasitic infections. • Elevations in eosinophil counts are associated with: • Allergic reactions • Parasite infections • Chronic skin infections • Some cancers • Decreases in eosinophil counts are associated with: • Stress • Steroid exposure • Anything that may suppress WBC production generally.

16. Basophils  These cells can digest bacteria and other foreign bodies (phagocytosis) and also have some role in allergic reactions. • Elevations in basophil counts are associated with: • Some cancers • Some allergic reactions • Some infections • Radiation exposure • Diminished basophil counts are associated with: • Stress reactions • Some allergic reactions • Hyperthyroidism • Prolonged steroid expo

17. Monocytes   These cells respond to inflammation, infection and foreign bodies by ingesting and digesting the foreign material. • Increased monocyte counts are associated with: • Recovery from an acute infection • Viral illness • Parasitic infections • Collagen disease • Some cancers • Decreased monocyte counts are associated with: • HIV infection • Rheumatoid arthritis • Steroid exposure • Some cancers

18. Lymphocytes  These cells play both an immediate and delayed role in response to infection or inflammation. • Increased numbers of lymphocytes are seen in: • Most viral infections • Some bacterial infections • Some cancers • Graves' disease • Decreased numbers of lymphocytes are seen in: • Steroid exposure • Some cancers • Immunodeficiency • Renal failure • Lupus

19. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)  ESR is high, it may be related to an inflammatory condition, such as: Infection Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatic fever Vascular disease Inflammatory bowel disease Heart disease Kidney disease Certain  cancers