CDI 6 LECTURE power point description and history

History of arson

1. FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

2. WHAT IS FIRE? A rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensity. An active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat, and oxygen in the form of light and noticeable heat.

3. FIRE TRIANGLE VS FIRE TETRAHEDRON FIRE TRIANGLE (GLOWING MODE) OXYGEN FUEL HEAT FIRE TETRAHEDRON (FLAMING MODE) OXYGEN FUEL HEAT SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION

4. OXYGEN A ids in combustion, comes from the atmosphere we breathe. THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS: 21%oxygen 78%nitrogen 1%impurities OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS: 12 % Oxygen – insufficient to produce fire. 14-15 % Oxygen – can support flash point. 16-21 % Oxygen – can support fire point

5. FUEL (REDUCING AGENT ) Is anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen . It comes in three form as solid, liquid or gas. SOLID molecules are closely packed together LIQUID - molecules are loosely packed GAS - molecules are free to move

6. THE SOLID FUELS Pyrolyzable solid fuels – include many of the ordinary accepted combustibles. Easy to ignite. Non- pyrolyzable solid fuels – solid fuels that are difficult to ignite . A common example is charcoal. Chemical decomposition does not occur because there are no pyrolyzable elements present.

7. THE LIQUID FUELS 2 GENERAL GROUPS OF LIQUID FUELS Flammable liquids – they are liquids having a flash point of 37.8 °C (100°F) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (2068.6 um) at 37.8 °C. Combustible Liquids – these liquids have flash point at or above 37.8 °C (100°F).

8. THE GAS FUELS Gaseous fuels are those in which molecules are in rapid movement and random motion . Examples of gas fuels are acetylene, propane, and butanes.

9. Classification of Gases: BASED ON SOURCE NATURAL GAS – the gas used to heat buildings, cook food, and provides energy for industries. It consists chiefly of methane, a colorless and odorless gas. Such as LPG. Natural gas is usually mixed with compounds of foul-smelling elements like sulfur so gas leaks can be detected. Example: Butane and propane MANUFACTURED GAS – this gas like synthetic liquid fuels is used chiefly where certain fuels are abundant and others are scarce.

10. ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS COMPRESSED GAS – gas in which at all normal temperature inside its container; exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure. Examples: propane, acetylene, hydrogen, methane, and iso-butane LIQUEFIED GAS – gas in which at normal temperature inside its container, exist partly in the liquid state and partly in gaseous state and under pressure as long as any liquid remains in the container. Examples: ethane, propane, and butane CRYOGENIC GAS – a liquefied gas which exists in its container at temperature far below normal atmospheric temperature, usually slightly above its boiling point and correspondingly low to moderate pressure. Examples:   nitrogen, argon and helium.

11. ACCORDING TO USAGE FUEL GASES – flammable gases usually used for burning with air to produce heat , utilize as power, light, comfort, and process. Most commonly used gases are natural gas and the LPG (butane and propane). INDUSTRIAL GASES - This group includes a large number of gases used for industrial processes as those in welding and cutting. MEDICAL GASES – those used for treatment such as anesthesia (chloroform, nitrous oxide); respiratory therapy (oxygen).

12. OTHER FUELS CHEMICAL FUELS Chemical fuels, which are produced in solid and liquid form, create great amounts of heat and power. They are used chiefly in rocket engines. NUCLEAR FUELS Nuclear fuels provide energy through the fission or fusion of their atoms. Nuclear Fission – split of the nucleus of atoms Nuclear Fusion – combination of two light nuclei of atom

13. HEAT - Source of ignition or any device to start a fire. It can be a safety match, a lighted candle, or of more sophisticated forms such as a chemical, mechanical or electrical contrivance designed to start a blaze.

14. SPECIFIC HEAT The heat capacity or the measure of the amount of heat required raising the temperature of a unit mass of a substance one-degree.

15. LATENT HEAT The amount of heat to produce a change of phase .The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when the substance from a solid to liquid, and from a liquid to gas. SUBLIMATION – solid to gas MELTING – Solid to liquid VAPORIZATION – Liquid to vapor/gas CONDENSATION – steam/vapor/gas to water

16. TYPES OF ENERGY (COMMON SOURCES OF HEAT) CHEMICAL ENERGY The most common source of heat in combustion reactions when any combustible is in contact with oxygen, oxidation occurs. The reaction of this process results in the production of heat. Example: Heat generated from burning match

17. ELECTRICAL ENERGY can generate temperature high enough to ignite any combustible material near the heated area. Examples: • over current or overload • arcing • sparking • lightning

18. NUCLEAR ENERGY generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine (fusion) . Example: 1. Fission heats water to drive steam turbines and produce electricity. 2. Solar energy is a product of a fusion reaction.

19. MECHANICAL ENERGY an energy created by friction and compression. Heat of friction - the movement of two surfaces against each other, thus producing sparks Heat of compression - heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a container or cylinder

20. HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION H eat transfer within solids or between contacting solids. CONVECTION It is the transfer of heat through a circulating medium, usually air or liquid . Heat transfer by convection is chiefly responsible for the spread of fire in structures. RADIATION A means of heat transfer when energy travels through materials and space as waves. Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

21. FIRE DEVELOPMENT When the four components of the fire tetrahedron come together, ignition occurs. For a fire to grow beyond the first material ignited, heat must be transmitted beyond the first material to additional fuel packages.

22. STAGES OF FIRE 1. IGNITION Describes the period when the four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins. 2. GROWTH Shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel . As the plume develops, it begins to draw or entrain air from the surrounding space into the column. 3. FLASHOVER The transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as ignition. N ear simultaneous ignition of all combustible material. 4. FULLY-DEVELOPED Occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are involved in the fire . 5. DECAY Fire consumes the available fuel in the compartment, the rate of heat released begins to decline.

23. THREE STAGES/PHASES OF FIRE 1. INCIPIENT PHASE (INITIAL STAGE) 2. FREE BURNING PHASE 3. SMOLDERING PHASE

24. INCIPIENT PHASE (INITIAL STAGE) It is the initial stage of fire. Characteristics: N ormal room temperature O xygen plentiful T emperature at 1000 F No visible smoke, no flame and very little heat. A significant amount of invisible (but sometimes smellable).

25. FREE BURNING PHASE A phase of burning in which materials or structures are burning in the presence of adequate oxygen . Characteristics: accelerated pyrolysis process take place development of convection current fire has involved more fuel heat accumulates at upper area area is fully involved

26. SMOLDERING PHASE Final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense smoke and heat completely fill the confined room.

27. PROPERTIES OF FIRE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. B. VAPOR DENSITY - the weight of volume of pure gas compared to weight of a volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. C. VAPOR PRESSURE - the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at the equilibrium. D. TEMPERATURE - the measure of the thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a given substance; the measure of the molecular activity within the substance.

28. E. BOILING POINT - the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. F. IGNITION TEMPERATURE - the minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-contained combustion without addition of heat from outside sources. G. FIRE POINT - the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to keep burning. H. FLASH POINT - the temperature at which the material is not hot enough to keep burning , but still gives off enough vapors to cause a flame across the surface.

29. THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A. ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS – changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place. B. EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS – those that release or give off energy (heat) thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants. C. OXIDATION – a chemical change that is exothermic, a change in which combustible material (fuel) and an oxidizing agent (air), react. D. FLAMES – flames are incandescent (very bright/glowing with intense heat) gases. It is a combustion product and a manifestation of fire when it is in its gas-phased combustion.

30. TYPES OF FLAMES Based on Color and Completeness of Combustibility of Fuel LUMINOUS FLAME – is orange-red , deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel being heated due to incomplete combustion and has a low temperature. NON-LUMINOUS FLAME – is blue, there is complete combustion of fuel and has relatively high temperature.

31. Based on Fuel and Air Mixture PREMIXED FLAME – is exemplified by a Bunsen-type laboratory burner where hydrocarbon is thoroughly mixed with air before reaching the flame zone. DIFFUSION FLAME – is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced through a nozzle into the atmosphere which diffuses in the surrounding atmosphere in order to form a flammable mixture. (diffused – dispersed, widely spread)

32. Based on Smoothness LAMINAR FLAME – when a particle follows a smooth path through a gaseous flame. TURBULENT FLAME – are those having unsteady, irregular flows .

33. FIRE BEHAVIOR, CAUSES AND CLASSIFICATION THERMAL BALANCE refers to the rising movement or the pattern of fire, the normal behavior when the pattern is undisturbed. THERMAL IMBALANCE , on the other hand is the abnormal movement of fire due to the interference of foreign matter. Thermal imbalance often confuses the fire investigator in determining the exact point where the fire originated.

34. DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR OF FIRE BACKDRAFT The sudden and rapid (violent) burning of heated gases in a confined area that occurs in the form of explosion . This may occur because of improper ventilation.

35. Flashover – it is the sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is incomplete combustion of fuels. Near simultaneous ignition of all combustible material.

36. Biteback - a fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists extinguishment operations and become stronger and bigger instead. Flash Fire – better known as dust explosion. This may happen when the metal post that is completely covered with dust is going to be hit by lightning.

37. CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE Based on Cause A. Natural fire/ providential B. Accidental fire C. Intentional Fire/Incendiary D. Undetermined

38. NATURAL/PROVIDENTIAL CAUSES - Involves fires without direct human intervention. SPONTANEOUS HEATING – the automatic chemical reaction that results to spontaneous combustion due to auto-ignition of organic materials , the gradual rising of heat in a confined space until ignition temperature is reached. LIGHTNING – a form of static electricity; a natural current with a great magnitude. A lightning may be in the form of: Hot Bolt – longer in duration ; capable only of igniting combustible materials Cold Bolt – shorter in duration , produces electrical current with tremendous amperage and very high temperature.

39. ACCIDENTAL CAUSES It involves the participation of human but there is no intent of causing such fire. This is because of negligence. Short Circuit – unusual or accidental connections between two points at different potentials (charge) in an electrical circuit of relatively low resistance. Arcing – the production of sustained luminous electrical discharge between separated electrodes; an electric hazard that results when electrical current crosses the gap between 2 electrical conductors. Sparking – production of incandescent particles when two different potentials (charged conductors) come in contact; occurs during short circuits or welding operations. Induced Current – induced line surge – increased electrical energy flow or power voltage. Over heating of electrical appliances – the increase or rising of amperage while electric current is flowing in a transmission line.

40. INTENTIONAL CAUSES (INCENDIARY) Is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire should not be set. If in the burned property, there are preparations or traces of accelerant, plants and trailers, then the cause of fire is intentional. NOTE: Plant – the preparation and or gathering of combustible materials needed to start a fire. Trailer – the preparation of flammable substances in order to spread the fire. Accelerant – highly flammable chemicals that are used to facilitate flame propagation.

41. UNDETERMINED FIRE CAUSE Whenever the cause cannot be proven , the proper classification is undetermined. NOTE: If the Arson Investigator did not found any trace of incendiarism , the investigator will assume that the cause of fire is ACCIDENTAL.

42. BASED ON BURNING FUEL (THE CLASSES OF FIRE) Class A Fire – Ordinary fires; they are the types of fire resulting from the burning wood, paper, textiles, rubber and other carbonaceous materials. In short, this is the type of fire caused by ordinary combustible materials. Class B Fire – Liquid fires; they are caused by flammable and or combustible liquids such as kerosene, gasoline, benzene, oil products, alcohol and other hydrocarbon deviations. Class C Fire – Electrical fires ; they are fires that starts in live electrical wires, equipment, motors, electrical appliances and telephone switchboards. Class D Fire – Metallic fires ; fires that result from the combustion of certain metals in finely divided forms. These combustible metals include magnesium, potassium, powdered calcium, zinc, sodium, and titanium. CLASS E Fire- flammable gases such as LPG, LNG, etc.; also creates violent reaction.

43. FIRE FIGTHING OPERATIONS AND EXTINGUISHMENT FIRE FIGHTING is an activity intended to save lives and property . It is one of the most important emergency services in a community. NOTE: FIRE SUPPRESSION – Slowing down the rate of burning, pacify the fire. FIRE CONTROL – Keeping the fire from spreading/holding the fire to one area. FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT – putting the fire completely out.

44. PRE-FIRE PLANNING This activity involves developing and defining systematic course of actions that maybe performed in order to realize the objectives of fire protection: involves the process of establishing the SOP in case fire breaks out.

45. EVALUATION – SIZE – UP (on-the-spot planning or sizing-up the situation) - this is the process knowing the emergency situation . It involves mental evaluation by the operation officer-in-charge to determine the appropriate course of action that provides the highest probability of success.

46. EVACUATION This the activity of transferring people, livestock, and property away from the burning area to minimize damage or destruction that the fire might incur in case it propagates to other adjacent buildings.

47. ENTRY This is the process of accessing the burning structure. Entry maybe done in a forcible manner. Purposes of conducting forcible entry: To provide access for fire fighters with equipment for fire extinguishments To provide rescue To aid in ventilation

48. RESCUE This is the operation of removing (extricating), thus saving, people and other livestock from the burning building and other involved properties, conveying them to a secure place

49. EXPOSURE Also called cover exposure, this is the activity of securing other buildings near the burning structure in order to prevent the fire from the extending to another building.

50. CONFINEMENT This is the activity of restricting the fire at the place (room) where it started . It is the process of preventing fire from extending from another section or form one section to another section of the involved building.

51. VENTILATION This the operation purposely conducted to displace toxic gases . It includes the process of displacing the heated atmosphere within the involved building with normal air from outside atmosphere. Types of Ventilation: 1. Vertical ventilation - must be worked from the top to bottom . 2. Cross or horizontal ventilation - used if gases have not reached the higher level through the opening of windows . 3. Mechanical force ventilation - a method whereby a device such as smoke ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and dense smoke.

52. SALVAGE The activity of protecting the properties from preventable damage other than the fire . The steps are a) remove the material outside the burning area, and b) protecting or cover the materials by using tarpaulins (cotton canvass treated with water proofing).

53. EXTINGUISHMENT Process of putting out the main body of fire. EXTINGUISHMENT METHOD 1. Extinguishment by temperature reduction A. Cooling/Quenching (Water) 2. Extinguishment by fuel removal A. Starving 3. Extinguishment by oxygen dilution A. Blanketing or Smothering (Reduce oxygen) 4. Inhibition of Chemical reaction

54. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS A Fire Extinguisher is a mechanical device, usually made of metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or gasses for stopping fires, the means for application of its contents for the purpose of putting out fire (particularly small fire ) before it propagates, and is capable of being readily moved from place to place. It is also a portable device used to put out fires of limited size.

55. EXTINGUISHING AGENTS 1. Class A - water 2. Class B – foam/carbon dioxide 3. Class C – carbon dioxide/dry powder 4. Class D – special powder/ dry powder 5. Class K - Wet Chemical

56. OVERHAUL This is the complete and detailed check of the structure and all materials therein to eliminate conditions that may cause re-flash; involves complete extinguishments of sparks or smouldering (glowing) substances (embers) to prevent possibilities of re-ignition or rekindling.

57. FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION This is the final stage of fire suppression activities . It is an inquiry conducted to know or determine the origin and cause of fire.

58. THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (BFP) RA 6975 The DILG ACT of 1990” (Section 53-59) RA 9263 The BFP and BJMP Professionalization Act of 2004 RA 9592 AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION AND APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITY IN THE (BFP) AND (BJMP) RA 11589 Bureau of Fire Protection Modernization Act RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines

59.   Powers and Functions OF BFP (Sec. 54, RA 6975) The Fire Bureau shall be responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires on buildings, houses and other structures, forest, land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships or vessels docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaports, petroleum industry installations, plane crashes and other similar incidents, as well as the enforcement of the Fire Code and other related laws. The Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and, if necessary, file the proper complaints with the city or provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case.

60. RANK CLASSIFICATION(SEC. 58) Director Chief Superintendent Senior Superintendent Superintendent Chief Inspector Senior Inspector Inspector Senior Fire Officer IV Senior Fire Officer III Senior Fire Officer II Senior Fire Officer I Fire Officer III Fire Officer II Fire Officer I

61. KEY POSITIONS 1st in command: Chief of Fire Bureau (Director) 2nd in command: Deputy Chief for Administration (Chief superintendent) 3rd in command: Deputy Chief for Operation (Chief superintendent) 4th in command: Chief for Directorial staff (Chief superintendent)

62. APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PERSONNEL TO THE BFP AND THE BJMP (SEC. 5, RA 9263) Fire/Jail Officer I to Senior Fire/Jail Officer IV. – Appointed by the respective Regional Director for Fire Protection and Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology and attested by the Civil Service Commission. Fire/Jail Inspector to Fire/Jail Superintendent. – Appointed by the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau , as recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by the CSC. Fire/Jail Senior Superintendent. – Appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon recommendation of the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau, with the proper attestation of the CSC. Fire/ Jail Chief Superintendent. To Fire/Jail Director .- Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG , with the proper endorsement by the Chairman of the CSC.

63. BFP STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE NO. IID 2008-01 A. Municipal Fire Marshal -Level I- has the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total amount of damage not exceeding to twenty million pesos. B. City Fire Marshal -Level II - has the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total amount of damage not exceeding to thirty million pesos . C. District Fire Marshal Level - shall have the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total damages amounting to above Thirty Million Pesos, but not exceeding to forty million pesos. Can assume the conduct of investigation on fire incidents with damages amounting to more than 20 million pesos in Municipal levels only within their respective jurisdictions.

64. D. Provincial Fire Marshal -Level III- shall have the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total damages amounting to above thirty million pesos but not exceeding to forty million pesos . Can assume the conduct of investigation on fire incidents with damages amounting to more than 20 million pesos in Municipal levels only within their respective jurisdictions. E. Regional Director for Fire Protection -Level IV –have the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total damages amounting to above forty million pesos, but not exceeding to sixty million pesos. F. Chief, Bureau of Fire Protection – National level – have the full responsibility and power to investigate fire incidents with a total damages amounting to above sixty million pesos

65. WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF FIRE PREVENTION? Individuals, groups, and communities use three main methods to prevent fires: Laws and Regulations - Many countries have codes and standards that require certain types of fire retardant materials and electric wiring to be used in buildings. Inspection of buildings and other property - Fire brigades and other public agencies inspect public buildings for fire hazards and recommend corrective action. In some communities, homeowners may agree to have their homes inspected for fire hazards. Public education about fire safety and prevention - Education is a vital part of fire prevention programmes because people cause to prevent--almost all fires. Fire brigades, community groups, and schools teach children and adults about fire hazards and work to reduce fires throughout the community.

66. NOTE: Section 7 – in such event that death results from a fire incident , the concerned FAI shall immediately sought the assistance of the PNP-SOCO , or any other legal/ recognized group for lifting and autopsy of the cadaver found at the fire/crime scene.

67. LADDER Purposes of ladders a. for rescue b. to stretch line into a fire building c. to provide ventilation by giving access to places that are hard to reach

68. VARIOUS KINDS OF GROUND LADDER A. Straight or Hook Ladder • It contains only one section • It ranges from 12 – 16 feet, common size 14 feet.

69. B. Extension Ladder • It consists of a bed and one or more fly ladders.

70. C. Attic Ladder • It provides means of reaching an opening for those places which are difficult to reach without special ladder. • It can be folded or collapsed for a small room or closet works.

71. D. Wall Ladder • It is best used in rescue where a ladder in place is already falls short of endangered person. • It allows the user to climb up or down, one storey at a time. Fixed ladder on the wall.

72. E. Aerial Ladder – it is mounted on a turntable, capable of extending up to 100 feet. Used for high rise buildings.

73. LADDER TERMINOLOGY 1. Bed ladder - the lowest section of an extension ladder 2. Fly ladder - the top section of an extension ladder 3. Butt - the bottom end of a ladder 4. Heel - the part of the ladder that touches the ground 5. Halyard - a rope or cable used to raised the fly ladder 6. Pawl or dog - the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder 7. Rung - the cross member of the ladder that is used for climbing 8. Top or tip - it is the top part of the ladder 9. Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does not rest on a foundation. (roof type ladders) 10. Stops - made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from extending out further from the ladder

74. FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM The primary purpose of fire detection system is to discover a fire when it is in its earliest phase and to respond by activating an alarm.

75. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE DETECTOR SMOKE DETECTOR Designed to react and activate the alarm when little amount of products of combustion go into their sensors. Smoke detectors are attached to the ceiling or wall in several areas of the home.

76. TYPES OF SMOKE DETECTOR A. Ionization Detector • It uses a radioactive source to transform the air inside it into a conductor of electrical current. • Any visible or invisible products of combustion entering this chamber interrupt the current flow, which, in return activates the alarm. B. Photoelectric smoke detector • It consists of a projected light beam to cover large areas, or a reflected light beam or spot type detector to cover small areas.

77. HEAT DETECTOR A. Rate-of-rise-detector • It is calibrated so that a rapid increase in room temperature will cause the detector to react and activate the alarm. B. Fixed-temperature detector • It is preset to activate at a given temperature.

78. SPRINKLE SYSTEM A sprinkler system consists of a network of pipes installed throughout a building. The pipes carry water to nozzles in the ceiling. The heat from a fire causes the nozzles directly above the fire to open and spray water.

79. FIRE INVESTIGATION In the Philippines, the Bureau of Fire Protection is the main government agency responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires on buildings, houses and other structures, forests, land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships or vessels docked at piers or major seaports, petroleum industry installation, plane crashes, and other similar incidents, as well as the enforcement of the Fire Code and other related laws. It has the major power to investigate all causes of fires and necessary, file the proper complaints with the proper authority that has jurisdiction over the case (R.A. no. 6975, sec. 54

80. WHY FIRES SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED? The very reason why fires should be investigated is to determine the cause of the fire in order to prevent similar occurrences . The determination of the origin and cause of fire is arrived at only after a thorough investigation.

81. ROLES OF THE FIREMEN IN FIRE INVESTIGATION? Firemen are usually at the crime scene ahead of the fire investigators. Hence, they are valuable sources of information. They are the so-called “Eyes and Ears” of the police before, during and after the fire has been placed under control.

82. LEGAL ASPECT OF FIRE INVESTIGATION Arson is the intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire. It is the concern of fire investigation to prove malicious intent of the offender. Intent must be proved, otherwise, no crime exist. The law presumes that a fire is accidental, hence criminal designs must be shown. Fire cause by accident or criminal design must be shown. Fire cause by accident or negligence does not constitute arson. It comes from the Greek word “ARSIO” meaning to burn.

83. LAWS ON ARSON ARTICLE 320-326, ACT 3815 (RPC) RA 5467 - AN ACT TO AMEND ARTICLES THREE HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE AND THREE HUNDRED TWEN­TY-SIX OF ACT NUMBERED THIRTY-EIGHT HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN, (RE: OTHER FORMS OF ARSON.) PD 1613 - AMENDING THE LAW ON ARSON PD 1744 - MENDING ARTICLE THREE HUNDRED AND TWENTY OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE PROVISIONS ON ARSON RA 7659 - AN ACT TO IMPOSE THE DEATH PENALTY ON CERTAIN HEINOUS CRIMES, AMENDING FOR THAT PURPOSE THE REVISED PENAL LAWS, AS AMENDED, OTHER SPECIAL PENAL LAWS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

84. ELEMENTS OF ARSON • Actual burning took place • Actual burning is done with malicious intent •The actual burning is done by person(s) legally and criminally liable

85. WHAT CONSTITUTES ARSON? 1. Burning - to constitute burning, pyrolysis must take place. In other words, there must be burning or changing, i.e. the fiber of the wood must be destroyed, its identity changed. 2. Willfulness – means intentional and implies that the act was done purposely and intentionally 3. Malice – denotes hatred or ill will or a desire for revenge; deliberate intention of doing unjustified harm for the satisfaction of doing it 4. Motive – the moving cause which induces the commission of a crime; something that leads or influences a person to do something 5. Intent – the purpose or design with which the act is done and involves the will; an essential element of crime, smotive is not

86. METHODS OF PROOF IN ARSON Physical evidences in arson are often destroyed. To prove arson was committed, Corpus Delicti must be shown and identify of the arsonist must be established. Corpus Delicti (body of the crime) is the fact of that crime was committed. The following must show it: Burning – that there was fire that may be shown by direct testimony of complaint, firemen responding to the crime, other eyewitnesses. Burned parts of the building may also indicate location. Criminal Design – must show that it was wilfully and intentionally done. The presence of incendiary devices, flammables such as gasoline and kerosene may indicate that the fire is not accidental. Evidence of Intent – When valuables were removed from the building before the fire, ill-feeling between the accused and the occupants of the building burned, absence of effort to put off fire and such other indications.

87. STAGES IN THE COMMISSION OF ARSON A. Attempted Arson • A person intending to burn a wooden structure, collects some rags, soaks them in gasoline and places them beside the wooden wall of the building. When he is about to light a match to set fire to the rags, he is discovered by another who trailed him away.

88. B. Frustrated Arson • The fact of having set fire to some rags and soaked in kerosene oil and placed near the partition of the entire soil of an inhabited house , should not be qualified as a consummated arson, in as much as no part of the house had begun to burn, although fire would have started in the said partition had it not been extinguished on time. The crime committed was frustrated arson. • The tools used alone are on fire, or a furniture or thing not attached to the building is on fire (U.S. v. Valdez, G.R. No. L-14128, December 10, 1918)

89. C. Consummated Arson • If before the fire was put out, part of the building was burned. • Mere discoloration of the wooden wall because of fire.

90. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1613 Section 1.  Arson. Any person who burns or sets fire to the property of another shall be punished by Prision Mayor. The same penalty shall be imposed when a person sets fire to his own property under circumstances which expose to danger the life or property of another.

91. Section 2. Destructive Arson.  Any ammunition factory and other establishment where explosives, inflammable or combustible materials are stored. 2. Any archive, museum, whether public or private, or any edifice devoted to culture, education or social services. 3. Any church or place of worship or other building where people usually assemble. 4. Any train, airplane or any aircraft, vessel or watercraft, or conveyance for transportation of persons or property.

92. 5. Any building where evidence is kept for use in any legislative, judicial, administrative or other official proceedings. 6. Any hospital, hotel, dormitory, lodging house, housing tenement, shopping center, public or private market , theater or movie house or any similar place or building. 7. Any building , whether used as a dwelling or not, situated in a populated or congested area.

93. Section 3. Other Cases of Arson.  1. Any building used as offices of the government or any of its agencies; 2. Any inhabited house or dwelling; 3. Any industrial establishment , shipyard, oil well or mine shaft, platform or tunnel; 4. Any plantation , farm, pastureland, growing crop, grain field, orchard, bamboo grove or forest; 4. Any rice mill , sugar mill, cane mill or mill central; and 5. Any railway or bus station, airport, wharf or warehouse.

94. Section 4. Special Aggravating Circumstances in Arson 1 . If committed with intent to gain; 2. If committed for the benefit of another ; 3. If the offender is motivated by spite or hatred towards the owner or occupant of the property burned; 4. If committed by a syndicate. NOTE: The penalty in any case of arson shall be imposed in its maximum period.

95. PENALTIES 1. SIMPLE ARSON PRISION MAYOR 2. DESTRUCTIVE ARSON RECLUSION TEMPORAL (MAXIMUM) to RECLUSION PERPETUA 3. OTHER CASES OF ARSON RECLUSION TEMPORAL TO RECLUSION PERPETUA 4.DEATH RESULTS FROM ARSON RECLUSION PERPETUA TO DEATH. 5. CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ARSON PRISION MAYOR (MINIMUM)

96. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF ARSON. 1. If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the building or establishment. 2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored within the building not necessary in the business of the offender nor for household use. 3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or combustible substances or materials soaked therewith or containers thereof, or any mechanical, electrical, chemical, or electronic contrivance designed to start a fire, or ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or premises of the burned building or property. 4. If the building or property is i nsured for substantially more than its actual value at the time of the issuance of the policy.

97. 5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance policy more than two fires have occurred in the same or other premises owned or under the control of the offender and/or insured. 6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the effects insured and stored in a building or property had been withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary course of business. 7. If a demand for money or other valuable consideration was made before the fire in exchange for the desistance of the offender or for the safety of the person or property of the victim.

98. NOTE: Section 8.   Confiscation of Object of Arson.  The building which is the object of arson including the land on which it is situated shall be confiscated and escheated to the State, unless the owner thereof can prove that he has no participation in nor knowledge of such arson despite the exercise of due diligence on his part.

99. BASIC LINES OF INQUIRY IN ARSON INVESTIGATION The important point to be established is the point of origin of fire . Finding the point where the fire originated is naturally very important to establishing the cause of the fire. • Origin of the fire can also be traced through the so-called FIRE PATTERNS .

100. KINDS OF FIRE PATTERNS Lines or Areas of Demarcation - These are borders defining the differences in certain heat and smoke effects of the fire upon various materials.

101. Surface Effect - The nature and material of the surface that contains the fire pattern will have a bearing on the shape and nature of the pattern itself.

102. COMMON BURN INDICATORS Alligatoring – large scales indicate rapid, intense heat.

103. Clean Burn – refers to a fire pattern on surfaces where soot has been burned away.

104. Crazing – refers to the cracking of glass into smaller segments due to intense heat.

105. Charring –material undergoes chemical decomposition that drives off gases, water vapor, and various pyrolysis products as smoke. Char shrinks as it forms, and develops cracks and blisters.

106. Spalling – Is the breakdown of concrete walls or bricks , due to intense heat.

107. Depth of char – It indicates the length of the time that a wooden structural member was exposed to flame. Estimates the duration of a fire.

108. MEANING OF COLOR OF SMOKE AND FIRE: Biting smoke- presence of chlorine. White smoke with yellow flame – indicates burning of humid materials. Example: burning hay, vegetable matter. Black Smoke with deep red flame - indicates use of petroleum products or rubber and plastics Reddish brown smoke – presence of nitrocellulose sulfur, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid. Red flame – presence of petroleum.

109. Blue flame – presence of alcohol, aldehyde or ketone. Garlic odor smoke – presence of phosphorous. Heavy brown smoke with bright red flame – Nitrogen products. White smoke with bright white flame – Magnesium Black smoke with red and blue flame – Asphalt Purple or lavender flame – Potassium Bright reddish yellow flame - Calcium

110. MOTIVES IN ARSON MOTIVE Motive is the moving cause which induces a person to commit a crime.

111. MOTIVE CAN BE ESTABLISHED BY: Economic Gain Concealment of Crime Punitive Measure Intimidation or Economic Disabling Pyromania Public Disturbance Vandalism

112. ECONOMIC GAIN A. Insurance fraud with the assured directly benefiting: 1. Desire to move – the premises may no longer be desirable because of the condition of the building, the fact that the quarters are outgrown or because of the locality. 2. Disposing of Merchandise – the stocks on hand may have lost value by reason of the seasonal nature of the business, obsolesce, scarcity of materials necessary to complete the contracts, overstock in the absence of expected order or a changing market. 3. Property Transaction – the business itself may no longer be desirable because of impending liquidation, settlement of an estate of which it is a part, the need for cash, prospective failure, the comparatively greater value of the land, or the comparatively greater value of the insurance benefits. B. Profit by the Perpetrator other than the assured:

113. Concealment of Crime: The arsonists may set fire to a building in order to conceal a projected or past crime . He may wish to divert attention in order to loot the burning premises or steal in other places. The burning may be for the purpose of destroying evidences. Punitive Measure: An arsonists may use fire as a means of punishing another person for reason of jealousy, hatred or revenge. Intimidation or Economic Disabling: The fire may be used as a weapon of the saboteurs, the strikers or the racketeers to intimidate or to disable economically as a step toward forcing submission to certain demands.

114. PYROMANIA Is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything without motivation. Pyromaniacs usually do not run away from the scene of the crime, usually alone and feel satisfied watching the flame

115. TYPES OF PYROMANIACS: Abnormal Youth – Epileptics, imbeciles and morons may set fire without knowing the seriousness of the act. 2. The Hero Type – a person may set fire on a building, subsequently pretends to discover it and turn in the alarm so that he will appear a hero to the public. A person may burn a building and endeavor to achieve spectacular rescue in order to attract the attention of spectators.

116. 3. Alcoholics and Drug Addicts – persons who subject themselves to intense artificial stimulants such as narcotics sometimes develop a strong urge toward incendiaries. 4. Sexual Deviates – some sex perverts derive sexual stimulation from setting a fire and watching the flame. Frequently, he is a chronic masturbator who stimulates and enhances his sexual gratification by means of arson.

117. Public Disturbance An offender may resort to arson as a means of a public disturbance because a fire attracts people and destruction causes confusion that gives rise to attendant problems that divert police attention Vandalism Is a general term denoting intentional burning to destroy properties.