celltocellcommunication-101021235148-phpapp01.pptx

cell communication

1. Cell to Cell Communication

2. 5 Cell to Cell Communication Communication between cells requires: ligand : the signaling molecule receptor protein : the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell

3. 6

4. 7 Cell Communication There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication: Direct contact Paracrine and Autocrine signaling Endocrine signaling Synaptic signaling

5. 8

6. 9 Cell Communication When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response. signal transduction : the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal Different cell types can respond differently to the same signal.

7. 10 Cell Communication A cell’s response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins. Phosphorylation is a common way to change the activity of a protein. protein kinase – an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein phosphatase – an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

8. Three Stages of Signal Transduction • • Reception of extracellular signal by cell Transduction of signal from outside of cell to inside of cell— often multi-stepped Note not necessarily transduction of ligand Cellular Response Response is inititiated and/or occurs entirely within receiving cell •

9. Three Stages of Signal Transduction

10. Three Stages 2a. Transduction 2b. Transduction 2c. Transduction 2d. Transduction 1. Reception 3. Response Responses usually involve increasing or decreasing some Protein’s Function

11. Three Stages 2a. Transduction 2b. Transduction 1. Reception 3. Response

12. 15 Receptor Types Receptors can be defined by their location. intracellular receptor – located within the cell cell surface receptor or membrane receptor – located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell

13. 16 Receptor Types There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors: channel linked receptors – ion channel that opens in response to a ligand enzymatic receptors – receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand G protein- coupled receptor – a G- protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal

14. 17

15. 18

16. 19 Intracellular Receptors steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid- soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor -usually affect regulation of gene expression An inhibitor blocks the receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present.

17. 20 Intracellular Receptors A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: hormone-binding domain DNA binding domain domain that interacts with coactivators to affect gene expression

18. 21

19. 22 Receptor Kinases Receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor -when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation -activated receptor adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein -an example is the insulin receptor

20. 23

21. 24

22. 25 Receptor Kinases kinase cascade – a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession -amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response mitogen- activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by kinase cascades

23. 26 G-Protein Coupled Receptors G-protein – protein bound to GTP G- protein- coupled receptor (GPCRs) – receptors bound to G proteins -G-protein is a switch turned on by the receptor -G-protein then activates an effector protein (usually an enzyme)

24. 27

25. 28 G-Protein Coupled Receptors Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger . -second messenger generates the cellular response to the original signal For example – one common effector protein is adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP as a second messenger. Other second messengers: inositol phosphates, calcium ions (Ca 2+ )

26. 29

27. 30 Cell- to- Cell Interactions Cells can identify each other by cell surface markers. -glycolipids are commonly used as tissue- specific markers -major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are used by cells to distinguish “self” from “non- self”

28. 31 Cell- to- Cell Interactions Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions tight junctions – create sheets of cells anchoring junctions – connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells communicating junctions – permit small molecules to pass between cells - gap junctions

29. 32