cellular aberration lecture notes presentation 1

cellular aberration 1

1. UNDERSTANDING CANCER

2. Essential Concepts of Cancer What is Cancer? Normal Cell Growth vs. Cancer Cell Growth Etiology and Causative Factors Pathophysiology Classification of Tumors Effects of Cancer

3. Nursing Process Assessment Laboratory & Diagnostic Tests Tumor Staging and Grading Nursing Diagnoses & Planning Implementation and Management Treatment Modalities Chemotherapy End-of-life Issues

4. What Is Cancer? CANCER is a complex of diseases which occurs when normal cells mutate into abnormal cells that take over normal tissue, eventually harming and destroying the host

5. WHAT IS CANCER A large group of diseases characterized by: Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division) Metastasis (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ or part to another not directly connected) Back

6. Loss of Normal Growth Control Cancer cell division Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation Uncontrolled growth Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Normal cell division

7. Oncogenes Mutated/damaged oncogene Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division Cancer cell Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth

8. Example of Normal Growth Cell migration Dermis Dividing cells in basal layer Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis

9. The Beginning of Cancerous Growth Underlying tissue

10. Tumors (Neoplasms) Underlying tissue

11. Invasion and Metastasis 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites Back

12. Viruses Chemical carcinogens Physical stressors Hormonal factors Genetic factors ETIOLOGY/CAUSATIVE FACTORS

13. What Causes Cancer? Some viruses or bacteria Heredity Diet Hormones Radiation Some chemicals

14. Population-Based Studies CANADA: Leukemia Regions of Highest Incidence BRAZIL: Cervical cancer U.S.: Colon cancer AUSTRALIA: Skin cancer CHINA: Liver cancer U.K.: Lung cancer JAPAN: Stomach cancer

15. Genes and Cancer Chromosomes are DNA molecules Heredity Radiation Chemicals Viruses

16. Viruses Virus inserts and changes genes for cell growth Cancer-linked virus

17. Examples of Human Cancer Viruses Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers

18. Bacteria and Stomach Cancer H. pylori Patient’s tissue sample

19. Tobacco Use and Cancer Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

20. High-Strength Radiation Most High Low Least Leukemia Incidence X-ray Dose (atomic radiation)