Census and sample investigation

Collection of data :Census and Sample investigation

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ECONOMICS
BASIC
STATISTICS
DrRekhaChoudhary
Department of Economics
Jai NarainVyas University, Jodhpur
Rajasthan

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Collection of Statistical Data-
Census and Sample Investigation

3. 1.0 Introduction
1.1
Objectives
1.2 Meaning of Universe
1.3 Meaning of Collection of Statistical Data
1.4 Methods of Collecting Data
1.5 Census Investigation Method
1.6
Sample Investigation Method
1.7 Difference between Census Method &Sampling Method
1.8 Methods of Sampling
1.9 Let Us Sum Up
1.10Unit End Questions
1.11Suggested Readings 3
Index

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Datacollectionistheprocessofgatheringandmeasuringinformationon
targetedvariablesinanestablishedsystem,whichthenenablesonetoanswer
relevantquestionsandevaluateoutcomes.Datacollectionisacomponentof
researchinallfieldsofstudyincludingphysicalandsocial
sciences,humanities,andbusiness.Whilemethodsvarybydiscipline,the
emphasisonensuringaccurateandhonestcollectionremainsthesame.Thegoal
foralldatacollectionistocapturequalityevidencethatallowsanalysistoleadto
theformulationofconvincingandcredibleanswerstothequestionsthathave
beenposed.
1.0 Introduction

5. 1.1 Objectives
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
Define the term Statistical Data collection;
Types of Data Collection;
Describe the method of Data Collection;
Merits and Demerits of Census and Sample Investigation ; and
Difference between Census and Sample Investigation.
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By Universe we mean all the statistical units of the statistical area which have
some common specialties. The group of all units of the given problem is called
Universe
1.2 Meaning of Universe
Types of Universe
1.FiniteandInfiniteUniverse.
2. Real and Hypothetical Universe
When data is to be
collected from each
members of the
population, it is known
as Census Survey
When data is to be
collected only from
some members of the
population, it is known
as Sample Survey

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1.3 Meaning of Collection of Statistical Data
When the planning of investigation ends, execution begins. Data are to be
gathered first for execution of investigation. The necessary data are to be made
available which is called collection of data.
Data may be collected through primary sources or secondary sources.

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1.4 Methods of Collecting Data
1.4.1CensusInvestigation
Whenaninquiryregardingaproblemisconductedtogatherinformationfromevery
personalunitoftheuniverse,suchasinvestigationiscalledCensusInvestigation.
1.4.2SampleInvestigation
Asampleisthatpartoftheuniversewhichisselectedfromtheuniverseforthe
purposeofinvestigational.Theseselectedunitsrepresentstheentirepopulationand
theconclusiondrawnonthebasisofstudyofsuchunitsareapplicabletothewhole
universe,suchasinvestigationiscalledSampleInvestigation.

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1.5 Census Investigation Method
Astatisticalinvestigationinwhichthedataarecollectedforeachandeveryelement/unitof
thepopulation,itistermedasCensusMethod.Itisalsoknownas‘CompleteEnumeration’
or‘100%EnumerationorCompletesurvey.UsefulincaseIntensiveStudyisrequiredor
theareaislimited.
Forexample:Demographicdataonbirthanddeathrates,literacy;workforce,life
expectancy,sizeandcompositionofapopulationCensusofIndiaconductedafterevery10
years.
Census Method
Merits Demerits
1. More reliability 1. Expensive
2. Detailed Information 2. More labor &Time
3.Sutaible where units are of different qualities3. Unsuitable if universe is infinite

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1.6 Sample Investigation Method
Thesamplingmethodistheoneinwhichonlysomeoftherepresentativeitemsofthe
populationareselectedanddataarecollectedfromthese.Insteadofcollectinginformation
forandfromalltheunitsofpopulation,weselectasamplei.e.onlyafewitemsofthe
population.Conclusionsderivedfromthesmallsamplearegeneralizedforthewhole
population.
For Example: Ifout of 2000 students of a college, 200 students are selected to study
monthly expenditure, it will a sample survey of monthly expenditure of students
SampleMethod
Merits Demerits
1. Money, labor &Time saving 1. Wide areaand less accuracy required
2. Indepth study 2. Infinite Universe
3.Reliability 3. Danger of loosing universe
4. Suitability 4. Where census enumeration is impossible
5. More scientific method 5. Uniformity

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1.7 Difference between census method and sampling method
Basis Census method Sampling method
(1) Nature of enquiryThe extensiveenquiry is conducted at
each and every unit of the population is
studied.
The limitedenquiry is conducted as only a few
units of the population are studied.
(2) Economy More Time, Money & Labour-It requires
a large amount of money, time and labour.
Less Time, Money & LabourRelatively less
money, time, and labour are required.
(3) Suitability It is more suitableif the population is
heterogeneousin nature.
It is more suitableif the population is
homogeneousin nature.
(4) Reliability and
accuracy
Results are quite reliable and
accurateunder the Census method.
The undersampling methodresults and less
reliablebecause a high degree of accuracy is
not achieved.
(5) Organization and
supervision
It isvery difficultto organize and
supervise the census method.
The sampling method iscomparatively easyto
organize and supervise.
(6) Verification Under this methodresultsof the
investigationcannot be verified.
Under this method,results can be testedtaking
out another small sample.
(7) Nature of methodCensus method is anold methodof
investigation and it isnot a very
scientificmethod.
The sampling method is anew and practicable
method, It is ascientific method.

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1.8 Methods of Sampling
The following are the primary methods of selecting sample from population:
1)Deliberate sampling or purposive selection
2)Random sampling or chance selection
3)Stratified or Mixed sampling
4)Other methods

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1.9 Let us Sum up
InpresenterapeoplemusthavesomeknowledgeofData,howtocollectdata,
whatarethemethodsofcollectionofdatasokeepingthatinmindafterthe
studyofthisunitweknowaboutcollectionofdata,typesofdata,methodof
collectingdata.Merits,demeritsofCensusandSamplemethodanddifference
betweenCensusandSampleinvestigation.

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1.10 Unit End Questions
1.Explainthecensusmethodofcollectionofdata.Giveitsmeritand
demerits.
2.Explainsamplingmethodofcollectionofdata.BrieflydiscusstheMerits
anddemeritsofthesamplingmethod.
3.Distinguishbetweencensusmethodandsamplingmethod.
4.Whatissamplingandwhatareitsobjectives?Describethevariousmethods
ofselectingsamples.

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1.11 Suggested Readings
AsthanaH.S,andBhushan,B.(2007)StatisticsforSocialSciences(withSPSSApplications).PrenticeHallof
India
B.L.Aggrawal(2009).BasicStatistics.NewAgeInternationalPublisher,Delhi.
Gupta,S.C.(1990)FundamentalsofStatistics.HimalayaPublishingHouse,Mumbai
Elhance,D.N:FundamentalofStatistics
Singhal,M.L:ElementsofStatistics
Nagar,A.L.andDas,R.K.:BasicStatistics
CroxtonCowden:AppliedGeneralStatistics
Nagar,K.N.:Sankhyikikemooltatva
Gupta,BN:Sankhyiki
References
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/word-cloud-statistics-152110988
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+census+and+sample+cloud+image&sxsrf=ALeKk02GbR8b_QIg1l-
Pajyf3D3qAbWFrA:1595785677770&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=BtWXtZPGiM2LaM%252CCl8PseD_yIMskM%252
C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kR_7nNntybTDgMudLr-
iQQxxQjfvw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib7tfzvOvqAhVo_XMBHVT6ApcQ9QEwAnoECAoQCQ&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=B
tWXtZPGiM2LaM
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Systematic_sampling.PNG
https://www.needpix.com/photo/490245/statistics-arrows-trend-economy-business-finance-direction-office-graphic

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