centrifuge project (Al-olofi)ugtttt.pptx

A centrifuge is a device that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures. It is used in a variety of fields, including science, medicine, and industry. Centrifuges are used to separate immiscible liquids, purify components, separate crystalline drugs from the mother liquor, and test emulsions and suspensions for creaming and sedimentation.

1. CENTRIFUGE Presented by : Abdulrahman Hatem Al- Dois Ahmed Ali Alanzah Osama Abdulkhaliq Hasan

2. Introduction A centrifuge is a device that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures. It is used in a variety of fields, including science, medicine, and industry. Centrifuges are used to separate immiscible liquids, purify components, separate crystalline drugs from the mother liquor, and test emulsions and suspensions for creaming and sedimentation.

3. Principle of a Centrifuge What is a Centrifuge? A centrifuge spins things fast to separate things of different densities. It is used in many places to do things like separate blood cells, purify drugs, or make food and drink.

4. Principle of a Centrifuge Construction of a Centrifuge 1)Main Rack This is a frame composed of a body box with a door cover and a container on the inside. The whole box is made up of steel and the inside tank is made of stainless steel

5. Principle of a Centrifuge Construction of a Centrifuge 2)Control System A control system is achieved through a microcomputer with a touch panel and a digital display. This control unit can be used to set the rotating speed and the centrifugal force. The settings can be stored in memory for future or any experiments that may follow.

6. Principle of a Centrifuge Construction of a Centrifuge This is a safety protection system that has a main current protection, high temperature protection, high speed protection, balance protection, and the door cover protection. The centrifuge drive system spins the centrifuge rotor. It has a motor, a drive shaft, and a damping system. The motor turns the drive shaft, which turns the rotor. The damping system absorbs vibrations and noises. The cooling system adopts a wholly sealed air tight cooled Copeland Compressor unit which has circuits for both refrigeration and heating control 3)Security Protection System 4)Driving System 5)Refrigeration System

7. Principle of a Centrifuge Construction of a Centrifuge 6)Rotating Arms (Rotor) The rotors are divided into several angular rotors and some horizontal rotors. Separation is done at high speeds and not at large capacity. The resistance in the horizontal rotors is larger than that in the angular rotor. Generally, it is not suitable for the high-speed separation but rather the large capacity separation is recommended.

8. Principle of a Centrifuge Working Principle of a Centrifuge Centrifuges are mechanical devices that use centrifugal force to separate particles of different densities. A centrifuge spins a sample container at high speed, causing the denser particles to move to the outside of the container and the less dense particles to move to the center.

9. Principle of a Centrifuge How Centrifuges Work Centrifuges work by spinning a sample at high speed, which causes the denser parts of the sample to move to the outside and the less dense parts to move to the center. For example, in a medical lab, a centrifuge can be used to separate blood cells from plasma. The denser blood cells move to the bottom of the tube and the plasma stays at the top. The plasma can then be removed and tested for different things.

10. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 1) Maximum RPM and RCF Relative centrifugal force (RCF) is a measure of how strong the centrifuge is spinning and is more important to consider than revolutions per minute (RPM) when choosing a centrifuge. 2) Centrifuge Rotors Each centrifuge model has a limited number of rotors and connected accessories. The rotor has other characteristics to follow and they are as follows:

11. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 2) Centrifuge Rotors a)Vessel Compatibility The selected centrifuge should have rotor options that are compatible with the vessel of choice and appropriate sizes. b)Style of Rotor The styles available are usually fixed angle and swing out rotors and the centrifuges may have alternatives for one or the other counterpart and at times both. Some adopt vertical rotors, PCR strip rotors, and microlite rotors. c)Temperature Range Several types of centrifuges operate at room temperature without any cooling or heating options of any kind. Cooling types usually drop the temperature to down to -10O C or -20O C

12. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 2) Centrifuge Rotors d) Maximum RCF The maximum RCF of the centrifuge should be considered and noted if the required is achievable.

13. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 3) Centrifuge Safety Features These devices also come with safety features to protect users and their surrounding environment. Some features are as follows: a) Imbalance Sensor This feature detects when the centrifuge is not balanced properly and also puts the centrifuge on hold if the level of vibration is increased. b) Sealed Rotors These prevent spillages or leakages of biohazard chemicals or substances during the process.

14. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 3)Centrifuge Safety Features c) Electric Lid Lock This feature prevents the lid from accidentally opening when the centrifuge is running

15. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 3)Centrifuge Safety Features d)Rotor Recognition Technology This feature detects which rotor is installed and makes sure that the rotor does not achieve speeds greater than the maximum operating speed.

16. Characteristic of a Centrifuge 4)Logistical Factors keep in mind the location where it will be placed because the device is a vibrating mechanism so its placement is very important to note down.

17. Components of a Centrifuge Components of a Centrifuge 1) The rotor assembly is the part that is responsible for generating the spin and transferring the rotational motion. 2)The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and kinetic energy

18. Classifications of a Centrifuge Low Speed Centrifuge Low-speed centrifuges are the most common type of centrifuge used in laboratories. They have a maximum speed of 4000 to 5000 RPM and a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of up to 2000 x g. A common use for low-speed centrifuges is the sedimentation of red blood cells to separate them from the plasma.

19. Classifications of a Centrifuge High Speed Centrifuge High-speed centrifuges are used in sophisticated biochemical applications to separate and purify biological molecules, analyze environmental samples, and develop new drugs and therapies. They can go as fast as 15,000 to 20,000 rpm, and the operator must carefully control the temperature and speed to suit the requirements of the sensitive biological samples.

20. Types of a Centrifuge 1) Basket Centrifuge Solid wall basket centrifuges use spinning to separate liquids from solids. They are simple to operate, have a high capacity, and can be used to separate a wide range of materials. However, they can be expensive, noisy, and not as efficient at separating very small particles as other types of centrifuges.

21. Types of a Centrifuge 2) High speed Centrifuge Large capacity high speed centrifuges are used in busy laboratories to separate large volumes of samples quickly. They have a variety of features, such as program memory of about 100 protocols , automatic rotor recognition, and acceleration/deceleration ramps, to make them easy and safe to use. The rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge depends on the centrifugal force (G), which is calculated using the following formula: G = ω^2 * r where: ω is the angular velocity in radians per second r is the radial displacement in centimeters

22. Types of a Centrifuge 3) Solid Bowl Vertical Centrifuge Solid bowl vertical centrifuges are widely used in industry for their high throughput and efficient separation. However, they are not continuous flow centrifuges and require periodic stopping and scraping to remove solids. 4) Inverting Filter Centrifuge Inverting filter centrifuges completely remove filtered cake material, ensuring high product purity. They are ideal for difficult-to-filter products and applications where product and operator contact must be avoided.

23. Types of a Centrifuge 5) Continuous Centrifuge Continuous flow centrifuges efficiently separate solids from liquids, handling large volumes without refilling and emptying the rotor. They are well-suited for research and industrial applications, including: large viruses, mitochondria, tissue homogenates, bacteria, cell harvest, and algae harvest.

24. Types of a Centrifuge 6) Decanter Centrifuge Decanter centrifuges use centrifugal force to separate solid-liquid mixtures with a very high solid content. They are used in a wide variety of industries, including mining, oil and gas, wastewater treatment, food and beverage processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and chemical processing.The force of the centrifuge generated is larger and is up to 3000g instead of the usual 1g of gravity

25. Types of a Centrifuge 7) Industrial Centrifuge There are two main types of industrial centrifuges: 1)Sedimentation centrifuges use centrifugal force to split solids from liquids. The heavier solids move to the outside of the centrifuge bowl, while the lighter liquids move to the center . 2)Filtration centrifuges use force to pass a liquid substance through a filtration media. This type of centrifuge is often used to remove impurities from liquids.

26. Types of a Centrifuge 8) Laboratory Centrifuge Laboratory centrifuges use centrifugal force to separate particles based on their density, size, shape, or viscosity. They are used in research and development to isolate cells, proteins, and viruses.

27. Types of a Centrifuge 9) Oil Centrifuge Oil centrifuges use centrifugal force to remove contaminants from lube oil. They are used in applications where high purity oil is required, such as in engines and hydraulic systems. Advantages : High efficiency, versatility, low maintenance. Disadvantages : Expensive, not as effective at removing very small particles.

28. Types of a Centrifuge 10) Horizontal Peeler Centrifuge Peeler centrifuges are batch centrifuges that use cloth filters to separate solids from liquids at high speeds. The solids form cakes on the filter cloth, which are then scraped off using peeler knives.

29. Types of a Centrifuge 11) Pusher Centrifuge Pusher centrifuges continuously separate solids from liquids using centrifugal force and a hydraulic piston. They are used for high-volume solids with high purity and low residual moisture requirements.

30. Applications of Centrifuges 1) Production of bulk drugs. 2) Production of biological products. 3) Evaluation of suspensions and emulsion. 4) Determination of molecular weight of collides. 5) Separating chalk powder from water. 6) Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk. 7) The clarification and stabilization of the wine. 8) Biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs. 9) Use in water treatment. 10) Removing water from lettuce after washing it in a salad spinner. 11) Separating particles from an airflow using cyclonic separation.

31. Benefits of centrifuge 1)Difficult to separate light particles 2)High energy consumption 3)Noise disturbances 4)Difficult and costly maintenance 1)Reduce odors and costs 2)Automate and increase dry solids 3)Suitable for oily sludges 4)Easy to use and cost-effective 5)Durable and long-lasting Advantages Drawbacks

32. Considerations When Choosing Centrifuges 1)Speed Regulation Range 2)Setting Resolutions 3)Rotor Imbalance 4)Overall Dimensions 5)Nominal Functioning Voltage 6)Display Type 7)Centrifuge Weight 8)Power Consumptions 9)Work at Hand 10)Floor Standing Centrifuges 11)Benchtop Centrifuges 12)Micro Centrifuges 13)Multipurpose Centrifuges

33. Evolution of the Lab Centrifuge Centrifuges are machines that use centrifugal force to separate solids from liquids. They have been used since the 1850s and are now used in a wide variety of settings. Key developments in the history of centrifuges include: Ultracentrifuges (1900s) Density gradient centrifugation (1930s) Preparative ultracentrifuges (1940s) Microcentrifuges (1950s) Inverting filter centrifuges (1960s) Microprocessor-controlled centrifuges (1970s) Floor ultracentrifuges (1980s) Robots to operate centrifuges (1990s) Smaller, quieter, and more energy-efficient centrifuges (2000s)

34. Challenges and Opportunity Centrifugation is a fast and easy way to harvest microalgae, but it can be expensive and use a lot of energy. It can also damage the microalgae cells.

35. Conclusion & Future of centrifuge Conclusion Centrifuges are machines that use centrifugal force to separate solids from liquids or liquids of different densities. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including laboratories, pharmaceuticals, biology, chemistry, mining, and industrial processes. Advantages: Fast and efficient separation, can separate small particles, and can process large volumes. Disadvantages: Expensive, use energy, can damage delicate materials, and can be noisy.

36. Conclusion & Future of centrifuge Future of centrifuge Centrifugation has come a long way since the 1940s, with new materials, features, and applications being developed all the time. It is now an essential tool for research in biology, chemistry, and other fields.

37. Centrifuge troubleshooting 1)Uneven or imbalanced samples Weigh each sample tube or plate before adding the sample. Use a balance to ensure that the rotor is evenly loaded. Use balancing tubes or plates to equalize the weight of the rotor. Spin the rotor at a low speed for a few seconds before increasing the speed to check for any imbalance. It can be caused by Prolonged operation Inadequate cooling Malfunctioning cooling system To prevent overheating Avoid running the centrifuge for extended periods without breaks. Ensure that the cooling system is functioning properly and clean up any dust or debris that may be blocking the vents or fans. 2)Overheating

38. Centrifuge troubleshooting 3) Excessive vibration or noise Caused by an unbalanced rotor, loose or damaged parts, or improper installation. To address this issue, check the rotor for damage, tighten any loose parts, and make sure the centrifuge is properly installed. If the problem persists, contact the manufacturer To prevent leakage or spillage during centrifugation: Use properly sealed tubes or plates. Securely fasten lids or caps. Check rotor and centrifuge for damage or wear. If a leak is detected, stop centrifuge immediately, clean up the spillage, and replace any damaged parts. 4) Leakage or spillage

39. Centrifuge troubleshooting 5) Slow or incomplete separation If the separation process is slow or incomplete, check the speed and time settings, ensure that the samples are properly prepared, and make sure the centrifuge is not malfunctioning. If the problem persists, contact the manufacturer. Centrifuge safety Wear PPE, don't overload, use correct tubes/plates, balance the load, avoid extended use, be aware of overheating, clean/maintain regularly. If errors occur, consult the manual or contact the manufacturer. 6)Error messages or malfunctions

40. Centrifuge cleaning Use neutral cleaning solutions (alcohol or alcohol-based disinfectant) and a soft cloth to clean rotors and accessories. Daily cleaning should include the interior, rotor chamber, and electronic components. Be aware of the types of samples used and any special cleaning requirements.

41. Thanks Do you have any questions? Presented by : Abdulrahman Hatem Al- Dois Ahmed Ali Alanzah Osama Abdulkhaliq Hasan