Ceramic industries

1. Ceramic industries NIKKA LOPEZ

2. Ceramic is…… The word "ceramic" comes from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ), "of pottery" or "for pottery“.

3. A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling .

4. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous.

5. Ceramic before and now Archeologists have uncovered human-made ceramics that date back to at least 24,000 BC. These ceramics were found in Czechoslovakia and were in the form of animal and human figurines, slabs, and balls. 

6. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors

7. Properties and its Uses Hard and strong Building materials Tiles, bricks , roofs, cement, abrasive for grinding

8. Attractive, easily mould and glazed Decorative pieces and household items Vases, porcelain ware, sinks, bathtubs

9. Chemically inert and non-corrosive Kitchenware Cooking pots, plates, bowls

10. Very high melting point and good insulator of heat Insulation Lining of furnace, engine parts

11. Inert and non- compressible Medical and dental apparatus Artificial teeth and bones

12. Roles and Functions of Ceramic Raw Materials in the Ceramic Tile Body Plastic raw materials include kaolin, clay and bentonite . Non-plastic raw materials are feldspar, quartz, limestone, dolomite, magnesite , calcium phosphate and talc

13. Typical raw materials normally used in a ceramic tile are clay, feldspar, pottery stone, silica sand and talc.

14. Clay It serves various functions such as a binder, a suspension aid and an inexpensive source of alumina and silica. 

15. Feldspar It provides the glassy phase for the ceramic bodies and they are added to decrease the firing temperature and thus to reduce cost.

16. Silica sand It decreases its unfired strength and plasticity but assist to facilitate escape of gases during drying and firing. 

17. Talc It is used in small quantities (2-6%) in the vitrified tile body composition to enhance the fluxing action of feldspathic materials.

18. Flowchart of Ceramic Tile Processing

19. Ceramic Tile Processing Batching or proportioning may be done by volume or by mass. However, proportioning by mass is far more accurate than that by volume. Batching

20. Grinding The grinding of solid raw materials involves a whole series of operations aimed at reducing the size of materials.

21. Spray Drying Spray drying is the process that converts the body slip obtained from the mill to a granulate with a size distribution and moisture content suitable for pressing.

22. Pressing  Pressing is the simultaneous compaction and shaping of a powder or granular material confined in a rigid die or flexible mould.

23. Drying This is carried out to increase the strength of the unfired tile and also to reduce the risk of tile loss due to deformation as the tile rapidly shrinks or cracks as the steam is rapidly evolved in the kiln.

24. Firing Firing is usually the final stage in the ceramic tile manufacturing, at which the weak, unfired, newly pressed piece of tile is transformed into a strong, durable product due to the effect of chemical and physical reactions within the green body during heating.

25. References http://www.ceramic-research.com/articles_02.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic http://www.ceramic-research.com/articles_03.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNU4DP7H-YY