CFLM-Character Formation, Leadership, Decision Making, Management, and Administration

Leadership is the ability to guide, inspire, and influence a group of people toward achieving a common goal. It involves setting a vision, making strategic decisions, and motivating individuals to perform at their best. Leadership is not just about authority; it requires effective communication, emotional intelligence, adaptability, and problem-solving skills.

1. Cultural Heritages Tangible Immovable GROUP 2

2. Historical Background: The Jose Rizal National Monument is located on the original site of Bagumbayan Field, where Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, was executed on December 30, 1896. Rizal was a significant figure in the late 19th century, known for his writings that advocated for reforms and freedom from Spanish colonial rule. His two novels, " Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo ," triggered nationalist sentiments and played a crucial role in inspiring the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonization. Jose Rizal National Monument

3. Connection to Philippine History: The Jose Rizal National Monument holds significant cultural and historical value to the Philippines as it serves as a tribute to the life and heroic acts of Dr. Jose Rizal, the esteemed national hero of the country. Dr. Rizal's literary works, which expressed his dissent against the oppressive Spanish colonial regime and called for reforms, sparked a powerful sense of nationalism among the Filipino people. His unwavering commitment to the cause of independence and his eventual execution at Bagumbayan Field have become iconic symbols of resistance against colonial rule. The monument stands as a reminder of Dr. Rizal's sacrifices and his legacy as a catalyst for the Philippines' independence movement.

4. Calle Crisologo Historical Background: Calle Crisologo was constructed by Spanish colonists in the 16th century and served as the heart of commerce and trade in Vigan during the Spanish colonial period. The street is characterized by well-preserved Spanish colonial-era buildings, including ancestral homes, churches, and museums. In the 19th century, it was renamed after Mena Crisologo , a distinguished Ilocano writer and politician who played a vital role in advocating for Philippine independence from Spanish rule.

5. Connection to Philippine History: Calle Crisologo played a significant role in the history of the Philippines during the Spanish colonization and the fight for independence. It was known as Calle Real and was important for trade and commerce. Renamed in honor of Mena Crisologo , a key figure in the fight for independence, the street represents the Filipino resistance against colonial oppression. Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting the cultural and architectural legacy of the Spanish colonial period in the country.

6. Historical Background: The Banaue Rice Terraces are a remarkable engineering feat that goes back over 2,000 years. The Ifugao people, who were indigenous to the area, created them using primitive tools and their bare hands. The Ifugao's built the terraces to cultivate arable land in the rugged terrain and to produce rice. The terraces consist of an elaborate system of stone-walled steps that follow the natural contours of the mountains, creating a tiered landscape. They allowed the Ifugao to farm rice on the steep slopes, enabling them to sustain themselves through agriculture. Banaue Rice Terraces

7. Connection to Philippine History: The Banaue Rice Terraces represent the country's rich cultural diversity and the deep connection between its people and the land. The terraces reflect the ancient agricultural practices and the resilience of indigenous communities, serving as a tangible link to the nation's pre-colonial heritage. The Banaue Rice Terraces have gained international recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting their global cultural significance. Overall, the Banaue Rice Terraces stand as a living testament to the agricultural heritage of the Philippines and the sustainable practices of its indigenous peoples.

8. Paoay Church (Saint Augustine Church) Historical Background: The Paoay Church, also known as Saint Augustine Church, is a historic religious structure located in Paoay , Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Its construction was initiated in 1694 by Augustinian Friars, with the help of the local community. The church is famous for its unique architectural style, called "Earthquake Baroque," which combines Gothic and Oriental elements to make it more resilient against the frequent seismic activities in the region. The massive coral stones used in its construction add to both its visual appeal and structural strength.

9. Connection to Philippine History: Paoay Church is a historical and cultural landmark in the Philippines. Built during the Spanish colonial period, the church served as a fortress, sanctuary, and center for spreading Catholicism to the indigenous population. During the Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War, Paoay Church became a strategic location. It's now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, an active place of worship, and a popular tourist attraction. Paoay Church symbolizes national pride, cultural heritage, and the Philippines' complex colonial past.

10. Historical Background: Intramuros is a historic district located in Manila, Philippines, established by the Spanish colonial government in the late 16th century. It served as the seat of political, religious, and military power during Spanish colonization. The district was enclosed by massive stone walls and fortifications to protect the city from attacks. Intramuros became the center of Spanish colonial administration and houses significant institutions such as the Manila Cathedral and Fort Santiago. It reflects a mix of European, American, and Asian influences, showcasing the complex cultural history of the Philippines. The district has undergone periods of destruction and restoration, with efforts to preserve its historical landmarks. Intramuros

11. Connection to Philippine History: Intramuros is a historic district in Manila that played a crucial role in shaping the history of the Philippines. For over three centuries, it served as the center of Spanish colonial power and was witness to key historical events such as the Galleon Trade and the propagation of Christianity by Spanish missionaries. Despite suffering heavy damage during World War II, Intramuros has been restored and stands today as a major cultural and tourist destination, inviting visitors to explore its cobblestone streets, churches, and museums to gain a deeper understanding of the nation's rich history.

12. Parish Church Complex of Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion of Santa Maria Historical Background: The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, was built during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, starting in 1765 and completed around 1800. Its unique hilltop location, surrounded by a defensive wall, deviates from the typical Spanish colonial tradition of placing churches in central plazas. This defensive architecture was meant to protect the church and its inhabitants from pirate raids and attacks by hostile forces, reflecting the challenges faced by the local population during that era.

13. Connection to Philippine History: The Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, is a historical symbol of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines. Its unique defensive design highlights the challenges faced by the locals during that period, while also showcasing the enduring influence of Spanish colonial architecture and religious practices in the country. Today, the church serves as a testament to the Philippines' complex history and cultural heritage.

14. Historical Background: The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, has a long history dating back to its establishment in 1571. Initially constructed using bamboo and nipa palm, it has undergone several reconstructions and renovations over time. Despite facing many challenges, including those during the Spanish colonial era and World War II, the cathedral has stood strong as a symbol of the unwavering faith of the Filipino people. Manila Cathedral

15. Connection to Philippine History: The Manila Cathedral is an important religious site in the Philippines. It was established during the Spanish colonial period as the official seat of the Catholic hierarchy in Manila, playing a crucial role in the spread and consolidation of Christianity in the archipelago. Despite facing challenges, including destruction during World War II, the cathedral endured and reopened in 1958 as a symbol of the Filipino people's determination to preserve their cultural and religious heritage. It remains a spiritual sanctuary and cultural heritage site, reminding Filipinos of their deep-rooted Catholic faith and historical ties to Spain.

16. Jaro Metropolitan Cathedral Historical Background: The Jaro Cathedral, also called the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles, has a long history that dates back to 1587 when a parish church was first established in Jaro , Iloilo City, Philippines. Unfortunately, the original church building was destroyed by a fire in 1864. However, it was quickly rebuilt and by 1868, the church was standing again. The significance of the Jaro Cathedral was further solidified in 1874 when it was elevated to the status of a cathedral, at the same time as Jaro became an independent diocese. This meant that the cathedral became the central place for religious activities and served as the bishop's seat.

17. Connection to Philippine History: The Jaro Cathedral played a significant role in the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, serving as the religious center and symbol of Spanish power. It also witnessed key moments in Philippine history, such as providing refuge for revolutionary forces during the Philippine Revolution and being used as a hospital and barracks by American forces during the Filipino-American War. The cathedral is also known for the miraculous image of Our Lady of the Candles, drawing thousands of devotees annually.

18. Historical Background: Mayon Volcano, in Albay, Bicol Region, Philippines, is a stunningly symmetrical cone-shaped volcano shaped by centuries of volcanic activity. It graces the Pacific Ring of Fire and is renowned globally for its perfect beauty. Beyond its geological allure, Mayon holds profound cultural importance for the Bicolano people, intricately woven into local folklore. Legend attributes its name to Daragang Magayon , a mythological heroine tragically killed, with the volcano believed to have formed from her burial grounds. Mayon Volcano

19. Connection to Philippine History: Mayon Volcano is a significant part of the Philippines' natural and cultural heritage. Its formation has shaped the country's landscape, and it affects the lives of people living in its vicinity. The volcano is also deeply rooted in the local folklore and mythology of the Bicolano people, and it is associated with the legend of Daragang Magayon . This mythological heroine's story provides a cultural explanation for the volcano's name and reflects the interplay between geological forces and the rich tapestry of myths and legends that form the country's historical narrative.

20. Chocolate Hills Historical Background: The Chocolate Hills, located in Bohol, Philippines, have been a source of fascination for both locals and tourists for centuries. These hills cover an area of over 50 square kilometers and are characterized by cone-shaped formations that resemble Hershey's Kisses. It is believed that these hills were formed due to geological processes involving marine limestone, coral, and other organic materials. As per geologists, the hills emerged from the sea through coral deposits uplift and erosion. The name "Chocolate Hills" originated due to their brown color during the dry season, when the green grass turns chocolate-like, evoking a sense of wonder and pride among the people of Bohol.

21. Connection to Philippine History: The Chocolate Hills in the Philippines are not just a geological wonder but also a significant cultural landmark steeped in local folklore. Legend has it that the hills were formed from the tears of a giant named Arogo . They are also an important source of income and employment for locals, as tourists flock to the hills, making them an iconic symbol of Bohol. Overall, the Chocolate Hills are an essential part of Bohol's cultural identity, folklore, and economic prosperity.

22. Historical Background: Callao Cave, located in Penablanca , Cagayan, holds significant historical and cultural importance in the Philippines. The cave's historical background dates back to pre-colonial times when it served as a dwelling place for the indigenous people who inhabited the area. These early settlers left behind rock art and artifacts, providing insights into their way of life and culture. During the Spanish colonial era, Callao Cave gained significance as a site of refuge for Filipinos seeking shelter from Spanish authorities. The cave's intricate network of chambers provided a natural hiding place, allowing individuals to evade capture. This utilization of Callao Cave showcases the resistance and resilience of the Filipino people during a tumultuous period of colonial rule. Callao Cave

23. Connection to Philippine History: Callao Cave is a place that played a significant role during World War II, where Filipino guerrilla fighters used it as a hideout to fight against the Japanese occupying forces. The cave's natural features and geography allowed them to launch ambushes and conduct covert operations, making it an important location during the war.Callao Cave is also known for its stunning natural beauty. It has towering limestone formations, underground rivers, and vast chambers adorned with beautiful stalactite and stalagmite formations. The cave has been a popular tourist attraction, attracting visitors who are eager to explore its vastness and marvel at its natural wonders.

24. St. Peter and Paul Metropolitan Cathedral Historical Background: The St. Peter and Paul Metropolitan Cathedral, also known as the Tuguegarao Cathedral, is a Baroque Roman Catholic church from the 18th century, situated along Rizal Street, Barangay Centro 10, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, Philippines. The church was originally constructed by Dominican friars and is considered one of the largest in the Cagayan Valley. The construction of the church began in 1761 by Antonio Lobato and completed in 1768. The façade of the cathedral is described as whimsical and playful, with the most notable feature being the broken and crested pediment that is mirrored in other churches in the Cagayan Valley.

25. Connection to Philippine History: The St. Peter Metropolitan Cathedral has a significant connection to Philippine history, as it was founded as a mission on May 9, 1604, by Dominican friars. Its first vicar, Tomas Villa, erected a temporary parochial structure made of light materials with Saint Peter and Saint Paul as patron saints. The current church is attributed to Antonio Lobato, who initiated the construction in 1761 and completed it in 1768. The reason why it is called a “Cathedral” is because of the chair of the archbishop. The church sustained heavy damage during World War II and was subsequently rebuilt by Bishop Constance Jurgens. Today, the St. Peter Metropolitan Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao.

26. Historical Background: The Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Piat is a historical Roman Catholic church located in Poblacion , Piat , Cagayan, Philippines. It is one of the twenty-one minor basilicas in the Philippines and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao. The church is famous for housing the centuries-old brown Madonna, Our Lady of Piat , and is considered as the Pilgrimage Center of Northeast Luzon. Built in 1604, it is one of the oldest churches in the Cagayan Valley. The church underwent reconstruction in 1982 and was declared a minor basilica by the Vatican in 1999. Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Piat

27. Connection to Philippine History: The history of Our Lady of Piat dates back to 1604 when a black image of the Virgin Mary was brought to the Philippines from Macau by the Dominican friars. It was first housed in a small sanctuary constructed by the Itawis locals and later taken to Piat and Tuguegarao in 1622. During the feast of St. Stephen on December 26, 1623, the image of Our Lady was solemnly brought to the Ermita from Piat with the people following in devout procession. It is believed that Our Lady started the first Christians of Cagayan. The dedication of the new shrine of Our Lady of Piat was attended by an impressive crowd who came from all the neighboring towns.