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1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Social Science (History) Chapter 1 Class 10

2. Subtopics The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation The making of Nationalism in Europe The Age of Revolutions: 1830- 1848 The Making of Germany and Italy Visualizing the Nation Nationalism and Imperialism

3. Main theme of the Chapter Nationalism emerged as a new idea of thought and brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of the Europe. The ultimate result of these changes was the introduction of nation-state in the place of multinational dynastic empires of the Europe. The concept of state where the centralised power was exercised with the sovereign control over a clearly defined territory prevailed in the Europe. But the modern concept of Nation- State had considered the ideas of local citizens and not only the rulers, and made a sense of common identity with the same history or decent . The commonness did not came from the ancestors but it came through common way of their struggle, the actions of leaders and the problems faced by the local common people.

4. Introduction The first expression of Nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789 . The Artist of that point of time personified women figure as Liberty . It was the first introduction of changing power relations from absolutist institutions to the liberal one. In Sorrieu , a French Artist, in his Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations with their own flags and national costume. The change towards liberal states was leaded by the United States and Switzerland which was that time already Nation-State . The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics- The pact between the Nations, a print by Sorrieu,1848

5. The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation Before 1789 France was under the rule of monarch. The change in the political and constitutional power came with the emergence of French Revolution , led to the change in power of sovereignty from the monarch to the local citizens. The basic idea behind this change was to make powerful local citizens who therefore constitute the nation and shape its destiny . The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (The citizen) gave importance to the common united community enjoying equal rights under a rule of one nation. . New uniformed laws for all citizens was created by centralized administrative system within the territory of the Nation. Uniform system for internal customs, duties and dues for all citizens was created and adopted by the Nation The revolutionaries also wanted to abolish the despotism and make other countries of Europe liberalised.

6. Nepoleon : Re-emerged Monarchy to France The democracy of the France was gone for the toss due to reintroduction of monarchy by him, but the principles of administrative field remained same by him because it was more efficient and rational. The civil code of 1804 also known as Napoleonic Code, carried away all advantages based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property. This code was mostly ruled on the regions of the French Rule. In different places like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon made easy laws for administrative divisions, put an end to the Feudal system, and freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns guild restrictions were abolished and the transport and communication systems were enhanced. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen had a free opportunity to build their own work. New businessmen got equal rights for business and use of one currency helped them a lot to trade goods one region to another.

7. The making of Nationalism in Europe All European countries like Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into small kingdoms, duchies and cantons what were ruled by its own rulers within its own territory. Eastern and Central Europe was under autocratic monarchies and there were different people lived in one territory. The divergence of the people not only due to their ethnicity but sometimes due to their language and other cultural patterns. So the unity in a country feeling was missing at that point of time. The only reason behind their binding was common allegiance to the emperor. Here the importance of Nation State came into existance

8. The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class A landed aristocracy was a dominant class in the European society be it politically or be it socially. The way of life for these people are almost same in different regions. They were a very small group with a rich lifestyle with two houses in town and in countryside. But the majority of the society from peasantry be it small holding of land of the farmers or big holding of land by the Serfs. With the advent of industrial production, a commercial class was emerged in the society. Though England first witness the industrial revolution but France also experienced it in 19 th century itself. For this reason a new working middle class came into the existence which is made up by industrialists, businessmen, professional. It was among the educated, liberal middle class that ideas of Nationalism with abolition of monarchy and aristocracy gained popularity.

9. What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for? The new middle class liberalism gave freedom to all the people and equality to all before law. In politics, it gave importance to the concept of government by consent. After French revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privilege a constitution and representative government through parliament and also stressed the inviolability of private property. The right to vote for the country was not given to all. It was only enjoyed by the men who had property. Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage. The Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. Liberalism also stood for freedom of market and reduction of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. So economically also middle class people got their importance in 19 th century and for their freedom liberalism got its momentum into the society. The unified measurement system and improved transportation system helped them to do more trade and also got different dues off for their business. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

10. A New Conservatism after 1815 In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, European government was impelled by the idea of Conservatism. Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. The change towards monarchy to modernisation made the state power more effective and strong. A modern army, and efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, wipe out of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of the Europe. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom which was evident results of French revolution. The major issue taken up by the liberal-nationalists, was freedom of press, was criticised by the new conservative order.

11. The Revolutionaries During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of Secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Metternich described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

12. The Age of Revolutions: 1830- 1848 Liberalism and nationalism were increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe as conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Greek war of independence had a great impact on the elite educated people of Europe. From 15 th century Greece was under Ottoman Empire and the revolution started in 1821. Many people support this revolution and the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent Nation.

13. The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling The concept of Nationalism did not come through the wars and territorial expansion rather it came through the culture, the feeling for the nation, art and poetry stories and music. Romanticism, a cultural movement which was the pillar for the foundation for nationalist sentiment. Their effort was to make a sense of shared common heritage, a similar cultural past, as the basis for the nation. According to Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) Culture off the people like folk culture recording and collecting was the essential element to the project of nation-building. This process is not only helped in reviving ancient national spirit but also educated the local people about it. Language also played an important role in nation building. Due to wiping out some languages from the official use, local people connected themselves with the language group and struggle for the language and its own group. This struggle make them united and nationalism came into existence.

14. The Revolution of the Liberals The poor, unemployment and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the years 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way. Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in political meeting and demonstrations. Women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. Monarchs were beginning to realize that the cycles if revolution and repression could be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

15. The Making of Germany Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans. This liberal initiative to nation building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement. Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

16. Italy Unified Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states. Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sadinia -Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance. Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.

17. The Strange case of Britain The model of the nation or the nation-state, some scholars have argued, is Great Britain. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.

18. Visualizing the Nation Artists in the 18 th and 19 th centuries founded a way out for the rulers as a personified nation and nation always demarcated as females. The female figure or termed as allegory did not chosen to personify any particular women but to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form. In French revolution women figure personified the Liberty, Justice and the Republic. Nations were then portrayed as a female figure. The female figures became an allegory of the nation. Christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of people’s nation. Postage stamp of 1850 of France, Women Figuer

19. Nationalism and Imperialism Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. But meanwhile, many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination. The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism.

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