Ch_ 10 Dragonfly Mitosis final edit.ppt not mine

not mine but to share this brilliant information about cell cycle credits to the owner

1. Chapter 10
Cell Growth and
Division

2. Section 10-1 Cell Growth
Key Concept: What problems does growth cause for cells?
I. Limits to cell growth
 
1. Why do cells divide rather than continue to grow indefinitely?
a.     

The ___________ the cell is the more demands are
placed on the cell’s _____
b.     

Its more difficult to move enough ____________ and
___________ across the cell membrane
 
2. “DNA Overload”:
a. DNA controls_____ __________ ; found in nucleus of
eukaryotes
b. DNA meets the needs of the cell when the cell is_________,
however as the cell increases in size, the DNA cannot meet its
needs anymore  “______________ _________”
 
larger
small
crisisInformation
wastes
nutrients
function cell
DNA

3. 3. Exchanging Materials:
 
a. ________, _________, and _______
enter a cell through its cell membrane.
b. ________ _________ leave the same
way.
 c. Rate of this exchange depends on the
surface area to volume ratio
 
II. Surface Area to Volume Ratio
 
1. To obtain the ratio of surface area to volume,
__________ the surface area by the volume.
 
Food oxygen water
Waste products
divide

4. Cell
Sizes
Ratio
of surface
area
to volume
Volume
Lengthxwidthxheight
Surface
Area
lengthxwidthx6 6
cm
2
1
cm
3
2:13:16:1
27cm
3
8
cm
3
54
cm
2
24
cm
2

5. Notice that volume _____________ much
more rapidly than surface area.
 
This causes the ______________________
_________________, which is a serious
problem for the cell.
 
As cells get _____ _________ it makes it more
difficult to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and
nutrients in and waste products out.
 
Question: How does an organism get bigger if
the cells that it is made of do not get larger?
 Answer: _____________________
increases
surface area to volume
toolarge
It grows more cells.
ratio to decrease

6. III. Division of the Cell
 
1.  Before the cell gets too large it divides into
two “_____________” cells
 
2. The process is called ________
_______________.
 
Cell division solves the problem of cells
getting too large by _______________ while
__________________ (more small cells
instead of one large cell)
daughter
cell
division
Increasing size
reducing volume

7. 3. Before cell division, the cell ____________,
or copies, its entire DNA.
 a. This solves the problem of
___________________ because each
daughter cell gets a complete set of
__________ information
 
4. Each cell has an increase in ratio of surface
area to volume that allows for more efficient
__________________ with the environment.
replicates
genetic
information storage
exchange of materials

8. 10-2 Cell Division
Key Concepts: What are the main events of the cell cycle?
What are the four phases of mitosis?
All cell division must involve the replication of DNA
before cell division so the genetic information can be
transferred to the daughter cells.
 
In Prokaryotes the rest of cell division is simply to
__________________.
 
In Eukaryotes the division is more complex it
occurs in two stages:
a. 
    
Mitosis: ________________________
b. 
    
___________: division of the cytoplasm
 
divide the contents
division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis

9. Unicellular organisms use mitosis and
cytokinesis to ________________.
This is a type of _______________
reproduction producing two identical daughter
cells from ______ parent cell.
Multicellular organisms use mitosis and
cytokinesis to _________________________
____________________________
add new cells to the organism
one
asexual
reproduce
for growth and development

10. I. Chromosomes
 
1.    

Chromosomes are composed of ______
and __________ (histones) and carry the
genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
 
a.     

Each species of organism has a
_________ ________ of chromosomes.
1.     

Drosophila melanogaster has ___
chromosomes
2.     

Humans have ____ chromosomes
DNA
proteins
specificnumber
8
46

11. b.   

Chromosomes are ____ __________
except during cell division. (known as
___________ when not dividing)
c.   

Replication (copying) of the DNA occurred
_______________________ therefore every
chromosome is actually two identical
“______” chromatids
d.

Each pair of chromatids is connected to
each other at an area called the
___________, usually located near the
center of the chromosome.
notvisible
chromatin
before cell division
sister
centromere

12. centromere
Sister
chromatids
http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm

13. II.  The Cell Cycle
1.Cell Cycle: the series of events the cell
goes through as they ________________
separated by periods of “in-between” time
called ___________.
2. During the cell cycle the cell ________,
prepares for __________, and divides to
form two daughter cells, each of which then
__________________________.
3. _______ phases of the cell cycle
grow and divide
interphase
grows
division
begins the cycle again
Four

14. III. Events of the Cell Cycle 
a. G1 phase: __________, increase in size
and ______________ new proteins and
organelles.
b. S phase: chromosome __________
(synthesis)
c. G2 phase: shortest of the phases,
organelles and molecules required for
___________ are produced.
d. M Phase: _________and ____________
G1, S, and G2 are all taking place during
____________ : the phase between
divisions.
cell growth
synthesize
replication
cell division
mitosis cytokinesis
interphase

15. G1
s
G2
M-phase

16. III. Mitosis
a. The mitotic phase can be sub-divided into
four phases ______________,
_____________, _____________ and
_____________ (PMAT).
b. Mitosis is strictly _____________ division.
c. Mitosis is followed by cytoplasmic division,
or
___________, to complete cell division
prophase
telophase
metaphase anaphase
nuclear
cytokinesis

17. d.     

Mitosis results in two “daughter cells”,
which are ________ to each other, and is
used for growth and asexual reproduction.
e.    

The growth and synthesis phases are
collectively called interphase (i.e. in
between cell division).
f. The only source of genetic variation in the
cells is via ________________.
identical
mutations

18. Interphase
Stage
between
division
  This is when the cell is
not dividing, but is
carrying out its
____________________.
 Chromatin _____ visible
    _____, histones and
centrioles all replicated
 Replication of
______________ like
mitochondria, occurs in
the cytoplasm.
 G1, S and G2 phases are
occurring
normal cellular functions
is not
DNA
cell organelles

19. Prophase
Beginning
of mitosis
(nuclear
division)
 chromosomes ___________
and become ___________.
 Due to DNA replication during
interphase, each chromosome
consists of two identical sister
______________ connected at
the ____________
 centrioles move to _________
poles of cell (in animal cells)
 Nucleolus ______________
 Spindle fibers begin to form and
___________ to chromosomes
near the centromere
 Phase ends with the breakdown
of the _________________
condense
visible
chromatids
centromere
opposite
disappears
attach
nuclear membrane

20. Metaphase
(middle)
Spindle fibers connect
______________ to
chromosomes
Chromosomes align along
___________of cell.
Anaphase
chromosome
separate
Centromeres _______,
allowing sister chromatids
to ________________
Chromatids move towards
__________
poles, centromeres first,
creating a “V” shape
centrioles
equator
split
separate
opposite

21. Telophase
New nuclei
form
Spindle fibers
____________
________________
form around each set
of chromatids
Nucleoli ___________
End of nuclear
division
disperse
Nuclear membranes
reform

22. Animal
Cell Division in White Fish Blastula

23. Chromosomes
Centrioles
Centrioles
_______________
(paired
chromatids)
Nuclear

envelope
Nuclear
envelope
Centrioles
Chromosomes
Centromere
Centrioles
Chromatin
reforms
Individual
Spindle
Daughter
Cells
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html#

24. Onion
Root Tip

25. For
Use with Lab:
Plant
Cell Growth as seen in Onion Root Tip

26. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic
division
New
daughter
cells form
 

 

 

In animal cells a
_______________ forms,
which splits the cell in two.
In plant cells vesicles
move to the equator, line
up and fuse to form two
membranes called the
__________. A new
_________ is laid down
between the membranes,
which fuses with the
existing cell wall.
cleavage furrow
cell plate
cell wall

27. V. Cytokinesis:
a. Division of the ________________
b. End of the ____ _________
c. Production of two ______________ daughter cells
d. Different in _________ and _________ cells
Vesicles containing
cell wall material
Cell plate
forming
Cell plateDaughter
cells
Wall of
parent cell
Daughter
nucleus
Cell wall New cell wall
Cleavage
furrow
Cleavage
furrow
Contracting ring
of
microfilaments
Daughter cells
cytoplasm
cellcycle
identical
plants animals

28. 10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle
Key Concepts: How is the cell cycle regulated?
How are cancer cells different from other
cells?
______________ organisms control cell growth
and division very carefully (way to increase
number of cells and size of organism)
Multicellular
This provides the _______________ of cells
that ________________________.wear out or are broken down
replacement

29. I.Controls on Cell Division:
1.Cells in a ________________ will continue to divide
until they come into ___________ with other cells.
2.Then the cells ________ _____________.
3.Cells are ______________ from the center of the
dish.
4.Then the cells _______________ the open space
will begin dividing
5.until they have _______ the empty space.
6.The controls for cell growth and division can be
___________________.
7. We can see the same thing happen in our
__________________.
petri dish
dividingstop
removed
bordering
filled
turned on and off
own bodies
contact

30. 1.
2.
4.
3.
5.
Question: What happens when you cut your finger or
break your bone?
Answer: The cells bordering the injury will begin
dividing to fill in the gap in the tissues that
have been torn or broken. This is the process
known as healing.

31. II. Cell Cycle Regulators
1. Scientists wondered what ____________cell
division.
2. Tim Hunt and Mark Kirschner discovered
that cells in mitosis contained a protein that
when injected into a cell would cause the
formation of spindle fibers.
3. Protein group known as ____________
regulates the cell cycle.
4. They rise and fall in time with the ________.
controlled
cyclins
cell cycle

32. 5. Cyclins _____________ the timing of the
cell cycle in __________cells.
Two main groups of protein regulators:
1. Internal Regulators: respond
to events __________________ .
Ex. Make sure cell doesn’t
enter mitosis until chromosomes have
all replicated
2. External Regulators: respond
to events _________________________.
Ex. Embryonic growth and
healing
regulate
eukaryotic
inside the cell
outside the cell

33. III. Uncontrolled Cell Growth
A.Cancer
1.Cell Growth is so controlled because when it
is not controlled things go very, very______.

2. _________ is a disorder in which some of
the body’s own cells lose the ability to
control growth.
wrong
Cancer

34. 3. Cancer cells do not respond to the
_____________that regulate the growth of
most cells.
4. When cells divide ___________________
they form masses of cells called __________
that can damage the surrounding tissue.
5. Cancer cells can break off and
_____________ throughout the body
disrupting normal activities and causing
serious medical problems or even death.
signals
uncontrollably
spread
tumors

35. B. Causes of Cancer
1. Smoking ____________
2. _____________ exposure
3. ______________
4.____________ defect
C. Cancer is a disease of the __________.
tobacco
Radiation
Viral Infection
Genetic
cell cycle
http://www.gardasil.com/

36. Breast
Cancer Cell