Ch.14 northern europe

Geography

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
Northern Europe is a region of unique physical features, rich resources, and diverse climates.
Main Ideas
•The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain ranges and jagged coastlines.
•Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.
•The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to a freezing ice cap climate.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 1: The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain
ranges and jagged coastlines.
•Physical geography of Northern Europe changes greatly from
one location to another.
•Two regions make up Northern Europe.
– British Isles—a group of islands located across the
English Channel from the rest of Europe
– Scandinavia—a region of islands and peninsulas in far
northern Europe, including Iceland to the west

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 2: Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.
Energy
Forests and Soils
•Large areas of timber-producing forests stretch across Finland and Scandinavian
Peninsula.
•Fertile soils provide rich farmland for crops.
•Livestock like sheep and dairy cattle are common.
Seas and Oceans
•North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean provide rich stocks of
fish.
•Fishing is key industry in Norway, Denmark, and Iceland.
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•Oil and natural gas deposits under the North Sea
•Hydroelectric energy produced by lakes and rivers
• Geothermal energy, or energy from the heat of Earth’s interior, from
Iceland’s hot springs

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 3: The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to
a freezing ice cap climate.
•Much of Northern Europe lies near Arctic Circle.
• North Atlantic Drift, an ocean current that brings warm, moist
air across the Atlantic Ocean, results in Northern Europe’s mild
climates.
•Much of Northern Europe has a marine west coast climate.
–Denmark, the British Isles, and western Norway
•Other parts have a humid continental climate.
–Central Norway, Sweden, and southern Finland
•Far north are colder climates.
–Northern Scandinavia has a subarctic climate.
–Iceland has tundra and ice cap climates.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
The British Isles
Main Ideas
•Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British Isles.
•British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much of the world.
•Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong economies are important issues in the
British Isles today.
The Big Idea
Close cultural and historical ties link the people of the British Isles today.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 1: Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British
Isles.
•Two independent countries make up the British Isles.
– Republic of Ireland
– United Kingdom, which is a union of four small countries
•England
•Scotland
•Wales
•Northern Ireland
•Throughout their history, the people of the British Isles have been linked
together.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 2: British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much
of the world.
•United Kingdom
– Constitutional monarchy—a type of democracy in which a king
or queen serves as head of state but a legislature makes the laws
– Magna Carta, a document drawn up in the Middle Ages, limited
the powers of kings.
–Prime minister leads British government.
–Most members of Parliament, Britain’s legislative body, are
elected.
•Republic of Ireland
–President as head of state
–Prime minister, appointed by the president, runs the government
with the Irish parliament.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
People and Culture
People
•The science of making maps
•Develop accurate maps on almost any scale and keep them up to date.
•Sports such as soccer and rugby are a shared trait among people
of Britain.
•Immigrants from all corners of the world have settled in Britain,
adding to the rich culture of the region.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
•Conflict in Northern Ireland
–Catholics believe they have not been treated fairly by Protestants,
who are in the majority.
–Bitter and violent struggle lasted for many years.
–Cease-fire in 1990s, but some groups refused to disarm, or give up
all weapons
–Still working toward long-lasting peace
•Economies are strong.
– London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a center for world
trade and industry.
–In Dublin, Ireland’s capital, computer equipment and software
have become major industries.
Main Idea 3: Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong
economies are important issues in the British Isles today.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Scandinavia
The Big Idea
Scandinavia has developed into one of the most stable and prosperous regions in Europe.
Main Ideas
•The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.
•Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 1: The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.
Vikings
• Vikings were Scandinavian warriors who raided Europe
and the Mediterranean in the early Middle Ages.
–Excellent sailors
–Conquered the British Isles, Finland, and parts of
France, Germany, and Russia
•Great explorers
–Established settlements in Iceland and Greenland
–First Europeans to reach North America

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Main Idea 2: Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.
•Today, the countries of Scandinavia have much in
common
–Similar political views, languages, and religion
–Large, wealthy cities, strong economies, and well-
educated workers
–High standards of living

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Denmark
•Smallest Scandinavian
country and most
densely populated
•About 50 percent of
land is used for
farming.
•Farm goods are
important exports.
Scandinavia Today
Greenland
•Geographically part of
North America, but is a
territory of Denmark
•Thick ice sheet covers
about 80 percent of the
land.
•Much of island is
uninhabitable
•Most live on southwest
coast where climate is
warmest.
Sweden
•Largest and most
populous Scandinavian
country
•More than 80 percent live
in urban areas
• Stockholm, capital and
largest city,
•Sweden has been a
neutral country for more
than 200 years, meaning
that it has chosen not to
take sides in international
conflicts.

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Chapter 14
World Geography
Norway
•One of the longest
coastlines in the world
•Oslo, capital city
•Highest per capita
GDP in Scandinavia
Finland
•Helsinki is the capital
and the largest city.
•Paper and forest
products are important
exports.
•Shipbuilding and
electronics are important
industries.
Iceland
•Fertile farmland along the
island’s coast produces
crops and supports cattle
and sheep.
•Fish account for about 70
percent of Iceland’s
exports.
•Tourists come to see the
geysers, volcanoes, and
glaciers.
Scandinavia Today {continued}