Ch 15 Improvement in Food Resources 1.pptx.pdf

Cell science

1. CLASS IX CHAPTER 15
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES Part -1
MRS RAGINI BHATT
JNV SHYAMPUR , SEHORE
NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA SAMITI, NOIDA

2. IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES
Crops
Animal
Husbandry
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 2

3. Why to raise food production ?
Increasing population
Sustainable Practices
How to raise food production ?
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 3

4. Does the food production solve the
problem ?
Simply increasing grain production for storage in
warehouses cannot solve the
problem of malnutrition and hunger.
•People should have money to purchase food.
•Increasing the incomes of people working in
agriculture.

Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 4

5. Nutrients provided by plants
Carbohydrate Wheat, rice, maize, millets
& sorghum
Protein Gram (chana), pea (matar), black
gram (urad), green gram (moong),
pigeon pea (arhar), lentil (masoor).
Fat (oil seeds) Soyabean, ground nut, sesame,
castor, mustard, linseed &
sunflower
Vitamins & minerals
Vegetables, spices & fruits
Fodder crops
Berseem, oats or Sudan grass
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 5

6. Crops
Different crops require different
•Climatic conditions
•Temperature
•Photoperiods
for their growth and completion
of their life cycle.
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7. Types of crops

Kharif crops


Rabi crops
These crops are grown in
rainy season are called as
Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya
bean, pigeon pea and
maize). They are grown
from June to October.
These crops are grown in
winter season are called
Rabi crops (Wheat, gram,
peas, and mustard). They
are grown November to
April.
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8. Improving crop yield
•Crop variety
improvement
•Crop production
improvement
•Crop protection
management

Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur
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9. FACTORS FOR VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
•1. To get higher yield
•2. Improved quality

•3. Wider adaptability
•4. Biotic and abiotic resistance

•5.Change in maturity duration
•6.Other desirable agronomic characteristics
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10. Crop variety improvement-
For improvement in variety hybridization
&
Genetic modification

is done.
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11. Hybridization
•Inter-varietal
•(between different varieties)

•Interspecific
•(between two species of same genus)

•Intergeneric
•(between two different genera)
It is crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.
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12. Genetic modification
•Genetically modified crop It is the process of altering
the genetic make up of a crop.
•In the field of bio-technology , GM crops stands for
genetically modified crops , that has been purposefully
engineered and not selectively bred organisms
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13. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
There is a correlation between higher inputs and yields.
Thus, the farmer’s purchasing capacity for inputs
decides cropping system and production practices.
•NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
•IRRIGATION
•CROPPING PATTERNS

Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 13

14. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Source Nutrients

Air Carbon, Oxygen

Water

Hydrogen, Oxygen
Soil (i) Macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Calcium , Magnesium, Sulphur
(ii) Micronutrients: Iron, zinc copper
Manganese, Boron , Molybdenum,
Chlorine
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15. Manure
Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal
excreta and plant waste. Manure helps in enriching soil
with nutrients and organic matter and increasing
soil fertility.
Advantages of Manure
Nutrients and organic matter
Increasing soil fertility.
Improving the soil structure
Increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soils
In clayey soils help in drainage and in avoiding water
logging.
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 15

16. Types of Manure
Compost
&
vermi- compost
•Vegetable waste, animal
refuse, domestic waste,
sewage waste, straw,
eradicated weeds etc. is
decomposed in pits is
known as composting.
Vermicomposting -using
earthworms to hasten the
process of decomposition
Green manure
•Some plants like sun or
hemp or are grown and
then mulched by ploughing
them into the soil, ,turn
into green manure which
helps in enriching the soil in
nitrogen and phosphorus.
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17. FERTILIZERS
Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients.
Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium.
Advantages
•ensure good
vegetative growth
•giving rise to healthy
plants.
•Are factor in the
higher yields of
high-cost farming.
Disadvantages
•continuous use can
destroy soil fertility
•microorganisms in
soil are harmed
•Lead to water
pollution
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18. Organic farming
Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no
use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc

It uses

Organic manures
Recycled farm-wastes (straw and livestock excreta),
Use of bio-agents such as culture of blue green
algae in preparation of biofertilizers, neem leaves or
turmeric specifically in grain storage as
bio-pesticides,
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 18

19. Irrigation
The ways to water crops at the right stages during
their growing season can increase the expected
yields of any crop. Poor monsoons cause crop
failure.
Water resources:-
❖Wells:
❖Canals
❖River
❖Tanks
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20. Rain water harvesting
This involves building small check-dams which lead
to an increase in ground water levels. The
check-dams stop the rainwater from flowing away
and also reduce soil erosion.
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur
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21. Cropping patterns
Growing two or
more crops
simultaneously
on the same
piece of land.
Mixed cropping
Growing two or
more crops
simultaneously
on the same
field in a definite
pattern.
Inter-cropping
growing of
different crops
on a piece
of land in a
pre-planned
succession
crop rotation
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22. Advantages of cropping patterns
❑Inter-cropping ensures maximum utilization of
the nutrients supplied, and also prevents pests
and diseases from spreading to all the plants
Mixed cropping reduces risk and gives some
insurance against failure of one of the crops.
❖ By crop rotation two or three crops can be
grown in a year with good harvests.
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 22

23. Crop protection management
Field crops are infested by a large number of weeds, insect
pests and diseases. If weeds and pests are not controlled
at the appropriate time then they can damage the crops
Weeds
Unwanted plants
in the cultivated
field,
Harm -take up
nutrients and
reduce the
growth of the
crop.
Insects
(i)They cut the root,
stem and leaf,
(ii)They suck the cell
sap from various
parts of the plant
(iii) They bore into
stem and fruits.

Diseases
Caused by
Bacteria, Fungi
& Viruses are
transmitted
through the
soil, water and
air.
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur
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24. CONTROL OF WEEDS
Weed control methods
(I)mechanical removal
Preventive methods
(1)proper seed bed
preparation
(2) timely sowing of
crops
(3) intercropping and
crop rotation.
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25. CONTROL OF PESTS
Preventive measures against pests
(1)Use of resistant varieties
(2)Summer ploughing, -fields are ploughed deep in
summers to destroy weeds and pests.
Developed by ICAR scientists :- stress resistance and quality in several crops from their
wild relatives
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26. STORAGE OF GRAINS
STORAGE LOSSES BIOTIC
1.Insects
2.Rodents
3.Fungi
4.Mites
5.Bacteria,
ABIOTIC

1.MOISTURE

2. TEMPERATURE
At storage place
(1)degradation in quality (2)loss in weight,
(3) poor germinability (4) discolouration of produce
All leading to poor marketability.
Cause
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27. Preventive and control measures
for storage
❖strict cleaning before storage
❖Proper drying in sunlight and then in
shade, and fumigation before storage.
❖using chemicals that can kill pests.
Storage method developed by ICAR scientists
Post-harvest constraints of mango are faster fruit ripening, loose of firmness, off-flavor
development, unfavorable to low temperature storage at an ambient temperature.Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 27

28. Summary
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29. Thank
you
Please visit the site of ICAR- Indian Council of
Agricultural Research to know more about the recent
developments in this field by our scientists.
Mrs Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 29