Ch 2Children &Women-WPS Office.pdf for class 12

physical education

1. CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS12PHYSICALEDUCATION
Ch 2 Children &Women in Ch 2 Children &Women in
SportsSports

2. Exercise guidelines of Exerciseguidelinesof
WHO for different ageWHOfordifferentage
GROUPS
Infancy Stage (1-2 years)

During this stage, physical
activity should be
encouraged which
develops child
gross motor ability like
body control, sitting,
crawling etc.
Early Childhood Stage (3-7
years)
Early Childhood Stage (3-7
years)
During this age the main
concern is to develop gross
motor and fine motor
Duringthisagethemain
concernistodevelopgross
motorandfinemotor
components.components.
Children should be encouraged
to participate in movement
skills like throwing,
Childrenshouldbeencouraged
toparticipateinmovement
skillslikethrowing,
jumping, cathing, kicking etc.jumping,cathing,kickingetc.

3. Later Childhood Stage (7-12
years)

During this stage children should
be involved in various activities
which includes
throwing, jumping, catching etc.

By doing these activities they
can acquire body control,
strength and coordination.
However activities related to
heavy endurance should be
avoided.


AdolescenceStage(13
-18years)
Duringthisstage
moderatetovigorous
intensityactivitiesare
recommendedfor60
Minutes.
Theyshouldinvolve
themselvesinmuscle
andbonestrengthening
exercises

4. ●Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-
intensity aerobic activity or 75
●Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-
intensity aerobic activity or 75
minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
throughout the week.
minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
throughout the week.

●Additionally, muscle-strengthening activities
involving all major muscle
●Additionally, muscle-strengthening activities
involving all major muscle
groups should be performed at least two days a
week.
groups should be performed at least two days a
week.

●Embrace activities like brisk walking, jogging,
swimming, and strength
●Embrace activities like brisk walking, jogging,
swimming, and strength
training to keep fit and energized.training to keep fit and energized.
For Adults
(aged 18 to
64):
ForAdults
(aged18to
64):

5. For Older Adults
(aged 65 and
above
For Older Adults
(aged 65 and
above
Adults in this age group should follow
the same guidelines as younger
Adults in this age group should follow
the same guidelines as younger
adults, depending on their physical
abilities.
adults, depending on their physical
abilities.

Focus on activities that improve balance,
flexibility, and muscle strength to
Focus on activities that improve balance,
flexibility, and muscle strength to
prevent falls and maintain independence.prevent falls and maintain independence.
It's important to consult a healthcare
provider before starting any new
It's important to consult a healthcare
provider before starting any new
exercise regimen, especially if there are
any underlying health conditions.
exercise regimen, especially if there are
any underlying health conditions.

6. 2.1CommonPostural
Deformities
Thisreferstothedeformationintheskeletal
structureorwherethebodypartsarenot
alignedthatresultsinsomekindofpostural
deformities.
Peoplehavingposturaldeformitiescannot
performtheirworkefficiently.
Somecommonposturaldeformitiesare
KnockKnee,FlatFoot,RoundShoulders,
Lordosis,Kyphosis,BowLegsandScoliosis.

7. Knock knee is a postural deformity in which both the knees touch or
overlap each other in the normal standing position. Due to this
deformity, an individual usually faces difficulty during walking.
Causes Weakness of muscles and
ligaments.
CausesWeaknessofmusclesand
ligaments.
Overweight body.Overweightbody.
Lack of balanced diet.Lackofbalanceddiet.
Lack of vitamin D, calcium and
phosphorus
LackofvitaminD,calciumand
phosphorus
Precautions
Balanced diet should be taken.
Do not force the babies to walk at early age
Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures

Horse riding is to be
done regularly, as it is
one of the best
exercise’s for
correcting this
problem.
Horse riding is to be
done regularly, as it is
one of the best
exercise’s for
correcting this
problem.

Keep a pillow
between your knees
whenever possible.
Keep a pillow
between your knees
whenever possible.

Perform Padmasana
and Gomukhasana.
Perform Padmasana
and Gomukhasana.

Take nutritious meals.Take nutritious meals.

8. Flat FooIt is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is no arch
in the foot and the foot is completely flat. The individual faces
problems in standings walking, jumping and running; –

CausesCauses
Heaviness of the body.Heavinessofthebody.
Standing for a long time,Standingforalongtime,
Use of poor quality footwear not
having an arch.
Useofpoorqualityfootwearnot
havinganarch.
Faulty posture.Faultyposture.

Precautions
Wear shoes of proper shape and size.
High heeled shoes or walking barefoot for long durations should be avoided.

Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures

Walk on heels and toes.Walk on heels and toes.

Pick up marbles with
toes
Pick up marbles with
toes

Perform VajrasanaPerform Vajrasana

Walk on wooden
staircase
Walk on wooden
staircase

9. Round Shoulders
It is a postural deformity in which the shoulders become round as they
are drawn forward, the head is extended and the chin points forward.

CausesCauses
Poor posture in work, particularly in a desk
job.
Poorpostureinwork,particularlyinadesk
job.
Faulty furniture.Faultyfurniture.
Wrong habit of standing and sitting.Wronghabitofstandingandsitting.
Carrying heavy load on shouldersCarryingheavyloadonshoulders

Precautions
Do not sit, stand or walk in bent position.
Avoid tight fitting clothes.

Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures
Stand in correct posture.Stand in correct posture.

Keep the finger tips on your
shoulders and encircle your
elbows in clockwise and
anti-clockwise direction.
Keep the finger tips on your
shoulders and encircle your
elbows in clockwise and
anti-clockwise direction.

Perform Chakrasana and
Dhanurasana for some time.
Perform Chakrasana and
Dhanurasana for some time.

Hold the horizontal bar for
some time.
Hold the horizontal bar for
some time.

10. Bow Legs It is a deformity just the reverse of the knock knee position. In fact,
if there is a wide gap between the knees, the deformity can be observed
easily when an individual walks or runs.

CausesCauses
Putting extra weight on
leg muscles.
Putting extra weight on
leg muscles.

Lack of balanced diet
and deficiency of calcium
and phosphorus.
Lack of balanced diet
and deficiency of calcium
and phosphorus.

Improper way of walking.Improper way of walking.
Forcing babies to walk at
a very early age.
Forcing babies to walk at
a very early age.

Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures
Never stand for a
long time.
Never stand for a
long time.
Use vitamin D
supplement and a
proper balanced diet.
Use vitamin D
supplement and a
proper balanced diet.
Walk by bending the
toes inward or on
the inner edge of the
feet.
Walk by bending the
toes inward or on
the inner edge of the
feet.
Proper massage
should be given to
the child if this
problem is observed
early in life.
Proper massage
should be given to
the child if this
problem is observed
early in life.

11. SPINAL
CURVATURE
It'srelatedtothe
spineandthis
deformityis
causedbycarrying
excessiveweight
beyondone's
capacity.Weak
musclesarealso
responsibleforthis
kindofdeformity
(SpinalCurvature).
Therearethree
typesofspinal
curvatures:
KyphosisLordosis
Scoliosis

13. Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a condition in which the spine has an exaggerated curve in
the upper back, causing the person to appear to be hunched over. It is
also sometimes called a “rounded back” or “hunchback.”.

CausesCauses

Malnutrition, illness.Malnutrition, illness.

Carrying heavy load on
shoulders.
Carrying heavy load on
shoulders.

Habit of bending while
walking
Habit of bending while
walking
..
Wearing light and
shapeless clothes
Wearing light and
shapeless clothes

Precautions
Take a balanced diet.
Keep the body straight
while carrying weights.
Avoid walking too long with
weight on one hand.
Don’t walk, sit or stand in
bent position.

Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures
Bend head
backwards in
standing position.
Bend head
backwards in
standing position.
Perform Chakrasana
and Bhujangasana
Perform Chakrasana
and Bhujangasana

14. Lordosis =It is the inward curvature of the spine or a deformity of spinal curvature. It is an increased
forward curve in the lumbar region. It creates problems in standing and walking..

Precautions
Take a balanced diet.
Keep the body straight
while carrying weights.
Avoid walking too long
with weight on one
hand.
Don’t walk, sit or stand
in bent position.

Corrective MeasuresCorrective Measures
Perform Halasana and
Paschimottasana.
Perform Halasana and
Paschimottasana.

Do sit-ups slowly.Do sit-ups slowly.

Stand to attention and
touch the feet with the
hands repeatedly.
Stand to attention and
touch the feet with the
hands repeatedly.

Lie on your back and lift
feet vertically.
Lie on your back and lift
feet vertically.
Causes: Causes:
Lordosis is often
caused by obesity,
Lordosisisoften
causedbyobesity,

improper
development of
muscles, muscular
or skeletal disease
or
improper
developmentof
muscles,muscular
orskeletaldisease
or

accident, poor
posture while
standing, sitting and
walking,
accident,poor
posturewhile
standing,sittingand
walking,

malnutrition, etc.malnutrition,etc.

15. •
•
•
•
•
•
Causes
Short leg of one
side.
One side flat
foot.
Carrying heavy
loads on one
shoulder.
Heredity
defects.
One side
paralysis of
spinal muscles.

Scoliosis is a position in which the spine is tilted to either side of
the body. It is a position of exaggerated lateral curvature or
sideways curvature of the spine. In this disorder, the spine bends,
twists or rotates in a way that it makes a C or an S shape.

Precautions
Take a balanced diet.
Keep the body straight
while carrying weights.

Avoid walking too long
with weight on one
hand.
Dont walk, sit or stand
in bent position.
Corrective Measures
Perform Trikonasana with
proper technique.

Avoid walking with a
heavy weight

Lie down in prone position,
i.e. on the chest. Right
arm should be upward and
left atm at side.
After that move right arm
towards,the left overhead.
Press down with left hand
and then slide the left hip
up.

16. Womens participation
in Sports
– Physical,
Psychological, and
social benefits.

Womensparticipation
inSports
–Physical,
Psychological,and
socialbenefits.

17. Sportsparticipationofwomenin
IndiaForwomensparticipationin
sportswehavealookatancient
period.
Regardingparticipationinthefirst
modernOlympic(1896Athens),
therewasnoparticipationofwomen.
.Womenparticipatedfirsttimein
1900Olympics.(22women
participatedin)andafter100years
in2000SydneyOlympics4069
womenhadparticipated.

18. ParticipationinIndia
In2000KarnamMalleshwariwasthefirst
womanwhowonbronzemedalinSydneyOlympic
fromIndia.
In1984performanceofP.T.Ushawasvery
goodinAthletics.
In2012LondonOlympicsSainaNehwaland
M.C.Marykomgotbronzemedal.
In2016,RioOlympics,SakshiMalikwon
bronzemedal,P.V.Sandhuwonsilvermedal
whereasDeepaKarmakaropenednew
dimensionsinGymnastics.

19. REASON FOR LESS PARTICIPATION REASONFORLESSPARTICIPATION
Lack of Education. Negative attitude of Society. LackofEducation.NegativeattitudeofSociety.
Lack of Financial aid by Government. LackofFinancialaidbyGovernment.
Less number of Women Coaches. Lack of Personal Safety. LessnumberofWomenCoaches.LackofPersonalSafety.
Lack of Sports Culture. Lack of proper Sports facilities. LackofSportsCulture.LackofproperSportsfacilities.
Less Media Coverage. Lack of Interest of spectators.LessMediaCoverage.LackofInterestofspectators.
Male dominated culture of sports. Lack of Self confidence. Maledominatedcultureofsports.LackofSelfconfidence.
Lack of female sportspersons as role models. Lack of time. Lackoffemalesportspersonsasrolemodels.Lackoftime.
Lack of fitness and wellness movement. Lackoffitnessandwellnessmovement.

23. Menarche refers to the first menstrual
cycle
Menarchereferstothefirstmenstrual
cycle
.
The first menstrual bleeding or
period in a female is called
menarche.

.
Thefirstmenstrualbleedingor
periodinafemaleiscalled
menarche.
The average age for menarche
ranges from 12-14 years.

Theaverageageformenarche
rangesfrom12-14years.
Sometimes, menarche may begin at 8
-9 years of age or at the age
of 16 years or more
Sometimes,menarchemaybeginat8
-9yearsofageorattheage
of16yearsormore
Special consideration
(menarche and
menstrual
dysfunction)

Specialconsideration
(menarcheand
menstrual
dysfunction)

24. Anyabnormalityorirregularityin
thisprocessistermedas
menstrualdysfunction.
Itcanbetermedasperiodor
abnormalbleedingduringthe
menstrualcycle.Itisrepeated
after28days.
Thenormalmenstrualcycle
variesfrom21-35daysandit
lastsforapprox2–7days.
Causes:
Overweight, Stress, Dietary, Disorder,
Disease, sudden change in Exercise
schedule, Travel, other Medical
complications etc.

Causes:
Overweight,Stress,Dietary,Disorder,
Disease,suddenchangeinExercise
schedule,Travel,otherMedical
complicationsetc.
Symptoms:
Some changes in women's personality,
behaviour and
body temperature may rise.
Mood changes, abdominal pain,
fatigue, breast increases and
headaches
are the common symptoms in this p
Symptoms:
Somechangesinwomen'spersonality,
behaviourand
bodytemperaturemayrise.
Moodchanges,abdominalpain,
fatigue,breastincreasesand
headaches
arethecommonsymptomsinthisp
Menstrual Menstrual
dysfunction)dysfunction)

25. Female Athlete Triad is a symptom of a group of health disorders.

It is an interrelationship of menstrual dysfunction, low energy
(with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone density.

It is relatively common among young women participating in sports
( Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea, Eating disorders –Anorexia Nervosa &
Bulimia Nervosa).


The female athlete triad is defined as the combination of
disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This disorder
often goes unrecognized.

The consequences of lost bone mineral density can be devastating
(destructive or damaging) for the female athlete.

26. ?????? It’sabonerelateddisorder(Osteoporosisisweakeningof
bonesduetolossofbonedensity).
??????Thereiscontinuousreductioninthequalityanddensityof
bones.
??????Thisoccursduetolessintakeofcalciumwhichmayalso
leadtofractures
(stressfractures,compressionfractures,hip&wristfractures)
etc.
✅ Calciumdeficiencycanleadtoosteoporosis.
✅ OneshouldaddVitaminDinthedietbecauseithelpsin
absorptionof
calciuminthebody.
??????Causes:
Genetic.Advancedage.LackofCalciumDiet.Eatingdisorders.
Lackofexercises.Consumingtoomuchsoftdrinks.
Diabetes,Thyroid

27. Amenorrheaisadisorderofmenstrualperiodsinwomen.
Iteitherdoesnotstartortheperiodisnotrepeatedtillnext
threeormoremonths(Meansabsenceofperiodortherelapse
oftheperiod).
Causes:
Intensivetraining&Exercises.ExcessivelossofbodyWeight.
Previoushistoryofmenstrualdisorder.Hormonalchanges.
Psychologicaleffects(stress,anxiety,emotionsetc.)
MalnourishmentandEatingdisorders(AnorexiaNervosa&
BulimiaNervosa)

28. Eating disorders are the conditions defined by abnormal eating
habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food
intake.

Eatingdisordersaretheconditionsdefinedbyabnormaleating
habitsthatmayinvolveeitherinsufficientorexcessivefood
intake.
In case of eating disorders individuals eat in extremely small
amounts of food or they start severely over-eating.

Incaseofeatingdisordersindividualseatinextremelysmall
amountsoffoodortheystartseverelyover-eating.
It may affect an individual’s mental and physical health.
Those who are suffering from such disorders are in constant fear
of gaining weight and so either they workout / exercise too
much or try to vomit soon after eating.

Itmayaffectanindividual’smentalandphysicalhealth.
Thosewhoaresufferingfromsuchdisordersareinconstantfear
ofgainingweightandsoeithertheyworkout/exercisetoo
muchortrytovomitsoonaftereating.
Due to it women have a low self-esteem, and always focus on
how and what their body look likes.
Duetoitwomenhavealowself-esteem,andalwaysfocuson
howandwhattheirbodylooklikes.

29. Eatingdisordersaretheconditionsdefinedbyabnormaleating
habitsthatmayinvolveeitherinsufficientorexcessivefood
intake.
Incaseofeatingdisordersindividualseatinextremelysmall
amountsoffoodortheystartseverelyover-eating.
Itmayaffectanindividual’smentalandphysicalhealth.
Thosewhoaresufferingfromsuchdisordersareinconstant
fear
ofgainingweightandsoeithertheyworkout/exercisetoo
muchortrytovomitsoonaftereating.
Duetoitwomenhavealowself-esteem,andalwaysfocuson
howandwhattheirbodylooklikes.
Anorexia Nervosa

30. BULIMIANERVOSA
Bulimiaisapotentiallylife-threateningeating
disorder.
Peoplewithbulimiaeatlargeamountsoffood
atonetime,thentrytogetridofthefoodor
weightgainbythrowingup,takinglaxatives
(medicine),fasting(noteatinganything),or
exercisingalotmorethannormal.
Bulimiaaffectsmoregirlsandwomenthanboys
andmen.
Bulimiaisaserioushealthproblem,butpeople
withbulimiacangetbetterwithtreatment.
Treatmentsincludecounseling,medicationand
nutritioneducation