Ch. 4. The sound patterns of language.pdf

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1. Chapter4:
Thesoundpatternsoflanguage
3
rd
Year
Linguistics
By
Asst. Prof. IhssanAl-Muslimawi

2. Phoneticsvs.Phonology

3. Phonetics
•Thestudyofofhowspeechsoundsaremade,
transmitted,andreceived
•Itrequiresasitssourceofdataahumanbeingwith
vocalorgans.
•Theperson'sparticularlanguagebackgroundisnot
strictlyrelevant.

4. Phonology
•gdit/rpukn
•Itsprimaryaimisto:
•discovertheprinciplesthatgoverntheway
soundsareorganizedinalanguage

5. Phonology
•Acommonmethodologyistobeginby
analyzinganindividuallanguage,todetermine
•whichsoundunitsareused
•howtheypattern
•Thelanguage'sphonologicalstructures

6. Phoneticsvs.Phonology
•Whereasphoneticsischieflyconcerned
withthe physicalnatureofspeechsounds,
•phonologydealswiththewaysinwhich
sounds behaveinlanguages.

7. Phoneticsvs.Phonology
•Thehumanvocalorganscanproduceaverywiderangeof
sounds;butonlyasmallnumberoftheseareusedina
languagetoconstructallofitswordsandsentences.
•Phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsounds;
•Phonologystudiesthewaysinwhichalanguage'sspeakers
(e.g.Arabic)systematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsin
ordertoexpressmeaning.
•Whichsoundsequencesmightbeawordinourlanguage?

8. Phonology
Phonology:Thestudyofthesystemsand
patternsofspeechsoundsinlanguages.

9. Phonemes
ThePhoneme:Thesmallestmeaning-
distinguishingsoundunitintheabstract
representationofthesoundsofalanguage.
•e.g./t//d/
matemade

10. Phonemes
•Anessentialpropertyofaphonemeisthatitfunctions
contrastively.
•InEnglish,2phonemes/f/&/v/
•Contrast:
•fat vat
•fine vine
•Rule:Ifwesubstituteonesoundforanotherinawordand
thereisachangeinmeaning,thenthetwosoundsrepresent
differentphonemes.

11. Phonemes
•ConsonantchartlistsphonemesinEnglish
•Thetechnicaltermsusedincreatingthechartare
called‘features’
•Featuresaremarkedwithsign+&–
•+ featureispresent
featureisnotpresent•–
•e.g./p/[–voice,+bilabial,+stop]
/k/[–voice,+velar,+stop]

12. Phonemes
•Soundswhichhavefeaturesincommon
behavephonologicallyinsomesimilarways
•Asoundwhichdoesn’tsharethosefeatures
isexpectedtobehavedifferently.
•spr,skr,svr,szr

13. Phonemesvs.Phones
Inthemind Inthemouth
ThephonemeistheabstractInactualspeech,
unit manydifferentversionsofthat
abstractunit
e.g./t/
e.g.tar,writer,eighth
eachversion=phone
[tʰ][D][t̪]

14. Phones
•Phonesarephoneticunits
•Theyappearin[]
APhone:Aphysicallyproducedspeechsound,
representingoneversionofaphoneme

15. PhonesandAllophones
•A group of several phones (versions of one phoneme) =
allophones(ofthephoneme)
e.g.
•/t/ =phoneme
•[t](star)
•[t
h] (tar)
=1phone
=1phone
•[D](writer)
•[t̪](eighth)
•[t
h]&[D]&[t̪]
=1phone
=1phone
=allophones

16. PhonesandAllophones
•Therearemore[t]sthanyouknow
•the[t]intimeisaspirated,butthatinstopisnot.
•Alltheseareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.
•Thesedifferencesareusuallyexpressedusingphonologicalrules.
wordtranscription context
1stop [stɑp] After[s]
2time [t
haim] Syllableinitial
3butter[bʌDәr] Betweenvowels

17. PhonesandAllophones
•Eachphonememayhavedifferentversionsdependingon
thecontextinwhichitisfound
e.g.considerthedifferentarticulationsof/s/(seensoon)
•seenthephoneme/s/isproducedwithspreadlips,as/i/follows.
•soon thephoneme/s/isproducedwithroundedlips,toprepare
forthefollowingroundedvowel,/u/

18. Phonemevs.Allophones
resultsin
•Substitutingonephonemeforanother differentmeaning
resultsin
•Substitutingoneallophoneforanother samemeaning
(sameword)BUTdifferent(orunusual)pronunciation
•Ifonephonemeisswappedwithanother,e.g.seen isproduced
witha/b/,insteadofa/s/,themeaningofthewordchanges-
theyfunction contrastively.
•Ifoneallophoneisexchangedwithanother,e.g.ifseen is
producedwithliprounding,theword,whileperhapssoundinga
bitstrange,isstillcomprehensible.

19. Phonemevs.Allophones
•/i/seen&seed
•seen=nasalized=[ı]
•seed=normal[i]
•[ı]̃and[i]aretwophonesforonephoneme/i/
•Bothareallophonesof/i/
•InEnglish,thenasalizedversionisnotmeaningfullycontrastive.

20. MinimalPairs
•Aminimalpairisapairofwordsthathavedifferentmeaningsand
whichdifferinonlyonephoneme.
e.g.(English):
•pat[pæt]/bat[bæt]
•Otherexamples:bet/bat–site/side
e.g.(Arabic)
•[qæl]&[gæl]=samemeaning=allophonesof/q/minimalpair
•[mæl]&[qæl]=differentmeaning=minimalpair

21. MinimalSets
•Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachone
fromtheother,bychangingonephoneme(inthesame
positionintheword),wecanhaveaminimalset.
e.g.
•feat/fit/fat/fate/fought/foot(vowelphonemes)
•big/pig/rig/fig/dig/wig(consonantphonemes)

22. MinimalPairsandSets
Fourgoldenrules:
1.Theymusthavethesamenumberofsounds
2.Theymustbeidenticalineverysoundexceptforone
3.Thesoundthatisdifferentmustbeinthesameposition
ineachword.
4-Thewordsmusthavedifferentmeanings

23. MinimalSets
Minimalset?Yes/No?Why?
sad,mad,bad,dad
said,seed,sad
two, to,too
glue,blue,flu,true
might,fight,night,right,bright
boat,beat,bit,bet,bought
beam,seem,cream
‘
‘
x
x
x
‘
x

24. MinimalPairs

25. MinimalPairs

26. MinimalPairs

27. MinimalPairs

28. MinimalSets

29. CoarticulationEffects
•Ourtalkisoftenfastandspontaneous
•Ourarticulatorsmovefromonesoundtothe
nextwithoutstopping.
Coarticulation:Theprocessofmakingonesound
almostatthesametimeasthenextsound.
•Therearetwowell-knownco-articulation
effects:assimilation&elision

30. Assimilation
Assimilationisacommonphonologicalprocessbywhichthe
featuresofasoundbecomesmorelikethatofanadjacentsound.
•articulation=easier,quicker
e.g.
•have/hæv/byitself
•I haveto go ineverydayspeech
•Aswestarttosaythe-v/t/,wetendtoproduceavoiceless
versionoftheprecedingsound,resultinginwhatsoundsmore
like/f/than/v/.
•[hæftə]

31. Assimilation
•Vowelsarealsosubjecttoassimilation
•Inisolation,wepronounce[i]and[æ]withoutany
nasalquality
•Trysaying:beanandban
•[i]and[æ] [ĩ]and[æ̃].
•Phonologicalrule:Anyvowelbecomesnasal
wheneveritimmediatelyprecedesanasal.

32. Assimilation
Otherexamples:
•can[kæn]
•Icango
•Becauseofthevelarstop[g]ingo,thealveolarnasal[n]incan
willbethevelarnasal[ŋ]
•[aikəŋgo]
•Notice:æbecameə
•and[ænd]
•youandme[ju:ənmi]

33. \z\to \sh\in the phrasehis shoe
-Used to /ju:zd/+/tu/ = it is pronounced [ju:stu]
-Ten minutes /ten + minits/ = it is pronounced [tem
minits]
-This shirt /ðis+ ∫з:t/ = it is pronounced [ði∫∫з:t]
-Horse-shoe /ho:s∫u:/ = it is pronounced [ho:∫∫u:]
-Five pence /faivpens/ = it is pronounced [faifpens]
-Inn-keeper /in ki:pə/ = it is pronounced [iŋki:pə]

34. / t / changes to / p / before / m /, / b / or / p /
Basket maker [bæskpeikə]
Cat burglar [kæpərglə]
mixed bag [mikspæg]
•/ d / changes to / b / before / m /, / b / or / p /
•bad pain [bæbein]
•blood bank [blʌbænk]
•good morning [gubo: niŋ]
•/ n / changes to / m / before / m /, / b / or / p/
•action planning [æk∫mplæniŋ]
•American plan [əmerikæmplæn]
•brown paper [braumpeipə]

35. / d / changes to / g/ before / k / or / g /
bad girl [bægЗ:l]
bird call [bЗ:ga:l]
closed game [kləuzgeim]
hard cash [ha:gæ∫]
•/ n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /
•action group [æk∫ŋgru:p]
•common good [komiŋgud]
•open court [əupŋko:t]
•/ s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by a rounded
vowel sound
•bus shelter [bʌ∫eltə]
•nice yacht [nai∫jot]
•space shuttle [spei∫ʌtl]

36. /θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
bath salts [bæso:lts]
earth science [З:saiəns]
fifth set [fifset]
•مهبر نم
•هندل نم
• اوري ناو
•نحن نا
•اولخد دق
•ميقتسم ٍطارص
•ةفئاط تدو وملظ ذإ
•لام نم كلذ ثهلي

37. Elision
•youandme[juәnmi]
•Whereisthe[d]?
•Thestop[d]betweentwonasals[n]&[m]
•Friendship[frɛnʃIp]
Elision:Theprocessofleavingoutasoundsegmentthat
mightbepresentinthedeliberatelycarefulpronunciationof
awordinisolation

38. Elision
•Inconsonantclusters,especiallyincodaposition,/t/isacommon
casualtyinthisprocess
•e.g.
[æspɛks]=aspects
[himəsbi]=hemustbe.
•Here,the[k]wasremoved[wiæstəm]=weaskedhim
•Vowelsalsodisappear
e.g.[ɛvri]=every,[ɪntrɪst]=interest,[kæbnət]=cabinet, [kæmrə]=
camera,[prɪznər]=prisoner, [spauz]= suppose, /mousli/ mostly, /m^
ns/ months, / hans∂m/ handsome

39. •mostly / moustli/ /mousli/
•months / m^n€s/ / m^ ns /
•'I don't know' /I duno/
handsome /hands ∂m/ / hans∂m/