ch 5 Data Resource Management Data Resource Management .ppt

Data Resource Management 177
Section I: Technical Foundations of Database
Management 178
Section II: Managing Data Resources

1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data Resource Management
Chapter
5

3. 5-3
•Explain the business value of implementing
data resource management processes and
technologies in an organization
•Outline the advantages of a database
management approach to managing the data
resources of a business, compared to a file
processing approach
•Explain how database management software
helps business professionals and supports the
operations and management of a business
Learning Objectives

4. 5-4
Learning Objectives
•Provide examples to illustrate the following
concepts
•Major types of databases
•Data warehouses and data mining
•Logical data elements
•Fundamental database structures
•Database development

5. 5-5
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
•Amazon’s data vault
•Product descriptions
•Prices
•Sales rankings
•Customer reviews
•Inventory figures
•Countless other layers of content
•Took 10 years and a billion dollars to build

6. 5-6
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
•Amazon opened its data vault in 2002
•65,000 developers, businesses, and entrepreneurs
have tapped into it
•Many have become ambitious business partners
•eBay opened its $3 billion databases in 2003
•15,000 developers and others have registered
to use it and to access software features
•1,000 new applications have appeared
•41 percent of eBay’s listings are uploaded to
the site using these resources

7. 5-7
Case 1: Sharing Business Databases
•Google recently unlocked access to its desktop
and paid-search products
•Dozens of Google-driven services cropped up
•Developers can grab 1,000 search results a day
for free; anything more requires permission
•In 2005, the Ad-Words paid-search service
was opened to outside applications

8. 5-8
Case Study Questions
•What are the business benefits to Amazon and
eBay of opening up some of their databases to
developers and entrepreneurs?
•Do you agree with this strategy?
•What business factors are causing Google to
move slowly in opening up its databases?
•Do you agree with its go-slow strategy?

9. 5-9
Case Study Questions
•Should other companies follow Amazon and
eBay’s lead and open up some of their databases
to developers and others?
•Defend your position with an example of the risks
and benefits to an actual company

10. 5-10
Logical Data Elements

11. 5-11
Logical Data Elements
•Character
•A single alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol
•Field or data item
•Represents an attribute (characteristic or quality)
of some entity (object, person, place, event)
•Examples: salary, job title
•Record
•Grouping of all the fields used to describe the
attributes of an entity
•Example: payroll record with name, SSN, pay rate

12. 5-12
Logical Data Elements
•File or table
•A group of related records
•Database
•An integrated collection of logically related
data elements

13. 5-13
Electric Utility Database

14. 5-14
Database Structures
•Common database structures…
•Hierarchical
•Network
•Relational
•Object-oriented
•Multi-dimensional

15. 5-15
Hierarchical Structure
•Early DBMS structure
•Records arranged in tree-like structure
•Relationships are one-to-many

16. 5-16
Network Structure
•Used in some mainframe DBMS packages
•Many-to-many relationships

17. 5-17
Relational Structure
•Most widely used structure
•Data elements are stored in tables
•Row represents a record; column is a field
•Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element

18. 5-18
Relational Operations
•Select
•Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
•Example: employees earning more than $30,000
•Join
•Combine two or more tables temporarily
•Looks like one big table
•Project
•Create a subset of columns in a table

19. 5-19
Multidimensional Structure
•Variation of relational model
•Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
•Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
•Popular for analytical databases that support
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

20. 5-20
Multidimensional Model

21. 5-21
Object-Oriented Structure
•Anobjectconsists of
•Data values describing the attributes of an entity
•Operations that can be performed on the data
•Encapsulation
•Combine data and operations
•Inheritance
•New objects can be created by replicating some
or all of the characteristics of parent objects

22. 5-22
Object-Oriented Structure
Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobsen, Maria Ericsson, and Ageneta Jacobsen, The Object Advantage: Business Process
Reengineering with Object Technology(New York: ACM Press, 1995), p. 65.
Copyright @ 1995, Association for Computing Machinery. By permission.

23. 5-23
Object-Oriented Structure
•Used in object-oriented database management
systems (OODBMS)
•Supports complex data types more efficiently
than relational databases
•Examples: graphic images, video clips,
web pages

24. 5-24
Evaluation of Database Structures
•Hierarchical
•Works for structured, routine transactions
•Can’t handle many-to-many relationship
•Network
•More flexible than hierarchical
•Unable to handle ad hoc requests
•Relational
•Easily responds to ad hoc requests
•Easier to work with and maintain
•Not as efficient/quick as hierarchical or network

25. 5-25
Database Development
•Database Administrator (DBA)
•In charge of enterprise database development
•Improves the integrity and security of
organizational databases
•Uses Data Definition Language (DDL) to develop
and specify data contents, relationships, and
structure
•Stores these specifications in a data dictionary
or a metadata repository

26. 5-26
Data Dictionary
•A data dictionary
•Contains data about data (metadata)
•Relies on specialized software component to
manage a database of data definitions
•It contains information on..
•The names and descriptions of all types of data
records and their interrelationships
•Requirements for end users’ access and use of
application programs
•Database maintenance
•Security

27. 5-27
Database Development

28. 5-28
Data Planning Process
•Database development is a top-down process
•Develop an enterprise model that defines the
basic business process of the enterprise
•Define the information needs of end users in
a business process
•Identify the key data elements that are needed
to perform specific business activities
(entity relationship diagrams)

29. 5-29
Entity Relationship Diagram

30. 5-30
Database Design Process
•Data relationships are represented in a data
model that supports a business process
•This model is the schemaor subschemaon
which to base…
•The physical design of the database
•The development of application programs to
support business processes

31. 5-31
Database Design Process
•Logical Design
•Schema -overall logical view of relationships
•Subschema -logical view for specific end users
•Data models for DBMS
•Physical Design
•How data are to be physically stored and
accessed on storage devices

32. 5-32
Logical and Physical Database Views

33. 5-33
Data Resource Management
•Data resource management is a managerial
activity
•Uses data management, data warehousing,
and other IS technologies
•Manages data resources to meet the information
needs of business stakeholders

34. 5-34
Case 2: Emerson & Sanofi, Data Stewards
•Data stewards
•Dedicated to establishing and maintaining the
quality of data
•Need business, technology, and diplomatic skills
•Focus on data content
•Judgment is a big part of the job

35. 5-35
Case Study Questions
•Why is the role of a data steward considered to
be innovative?
•What are the business benefits associated with
the data steward program at Emerson?
•How does effective data resource management
contribute to the strategic goals of an
organization?

36. 5-36
Types of Databases

37. 5-37
Operational Databases
•Stores detailed data needed to support business
processes and operations
•Also called subject area databases(SADB),
transaction databases, and production
databases
•Database examples: customer, human resource,
inventory

38. 5-38
Distributed Databases
•Distributed databases are copies or parts of
databases stored on servers at multiple locations
•Improves database performance at worksites
•Advantages
•Protection of valuable data
•Data can be distributed into smaller databases
•Each location has control of its local data
•All locations can access any data, any where
•Disadvantages
•Maintaining data accuracy

39. 5-39
Distributed Databases
•Replication
•Look at each distributed database and find
changes
•Apply changes to each distributed database
•Very complex
•Duplication
•One database is master
•Duplicate the master after hours, in all locations
•Easier to accomplish

40. 5-40
External Databases
•Databases available for a fee from commercial
online services, or free from the Web
•Examples: hypermedia databases, statistical
databases, bibliographic and full text databases
•Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases

41. 5-41
Hypermedia Databases
•A hypermedia database contains
•Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
•Interrelated hypermedia page elements,
rather than interrelated data records

42. 5-42
Components of Web-Based System

43. 5-43
Data Warehouses
•Stores static data that has been extracted from
other databases in an organization
•Central source of data that has been cleaned,
transformed, and cataloged
•Data is used for data mining, analytical
processing, analysis, research, decision support
•Data warehouses may be divided into data marts
•Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects
of a company (department or business process)

44. 5-44
Data Warehouse Components

45. 5-45
Applications and Data Marts

46. 5-46
Data Mining
•Data in data warehouses are analyzed to reveal
hidden patterns and trends
•Market-basket analysis to identify new
product bundles
•Find root cause of qualify or manufacturing
problems
•Prevent customer attrition
•Acquire new customers
•Cross-sell to existing customers
•Profile customers with more accuracy

47. 5-47
Traditional File Processing
•Data are organized, stored, and processed in
independent files
•Each business application designed to use
specialized data files containing specific
types of data records
•Problems
•Data redundancy
•Lack of data integration
•Data dependence (files, storage devices, software)
•Lack of data integrity or standardization

48. 5-48
Traditional File Processing

49. 5-49
Database Management Approach
•The foundation of modern methods of managing
organizational data
•Consolidates data records formerly in separate
files into databases
•Data can be accessed by many different
application programs
•A database management system (DBMS) is the
software interface between users and databases

50. 5-50
Database Management Approach

51. 5-51
Database Management System
•In mainframe and server computer systems, a
software package that is used to…
•Createnew databases and database applications
•Maintainthe quality of the data in an
organization’s databases
•Usethe databases of an organization to provide
the information needed by end users

52. 5-52
Common DBMS Software Components
•Database definition
•Language and graphical tools to define entities,
relationships, integrity constraints, and
authorization rights
•Nonprocedural access
•Language and graphical tools to access data
without complicated coding
•Application development
•Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry
forms, and reports

53. 5-53
Common DBMS Software Components
•Procedural language interface
•Language that combines nonprocedural access
with full capabilities of a programming language
•Transaction processing
•Control mechanism prevents interference from
simultaneous users and recovers lost data after
a failure
•Database tuning
•Tools to monitor, improve database performance

54. 5-54
Database Management System
•Database Development
•Defining and organizing the content,
relationships, and structure of the data needed
to build a database
•Database Application Development
•Using DBMS to create prototypes of queries,
forms, reports, Web pages
•Database Maintenance
•Using transaction processing systems and other
tools to add, delete, update, and correct data

55. 5-55
DBMS Major Functions

56. 5-56
Database Interrogation
•End users use a DBMS query feature or report
generator
•Response is video display or printed report
•No programming is required
•Query language
•Immediate response to ad hoc data requests
•Report generator
•Quickly specify a format for information you
want to present as a report

57. 5-57
Database Interrogation
•SQL Queries
•Structured, international standard query language
found in many DBMS packages
•Query form is SELECT…FROM…WHERE…

58. 5-58
Database Interrogation
•Boolean Logic
•Developed by George Boole in the mid-1800s
•Used to refine searches to specific information
•Has three logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
•Example
•Cats OR felines AND NOT dogs OR Broadway

59. 5-59
Database Interrogation
•Graphical and Natural Queries
•It is difficult to correctly phrase SQL and other
database language search queries
•Most DBMS packages offer easier-to-use,
point-and-click methods
•Translates queries into SQL commands
•Natural language query statements are similar
to conversational English

60. 5-60
Graphical Query Wizard

61. 5-61
Database Maintenance
•Accomplished by transaction processing systems
and other applications, with the support of the
DBMS
•Done to reflect new business transactions and
other events
•Updating and correcting data, such as customer
addresses

62. 5-62
Application Development
•Use DBMS software development tools to
develop custom application programs
•Not necessary to develop detailed data-handling
procedures using conventional programming
languages
•Can include data manipulation language (DML)
statements that call on the DBMS to perform
necessary data handling

63. 5-63
Case 3: Acxiom Corp. Data
•Acxiom does three things really well…
•Manages large volumes of data
•Cleans, transforms, and enhances that data
•Distills business intelligence from that data to
drive smart decisions
•Refined data is sold to customers
•Developing telemarketing lists
•Identifying prospects for credit card offers
•Screen prospective employees
•Detecting fraudulent financial transactions

64. 5-64
Case 3: Acxiom Corp. Data
•Primary business activities
•Building its data library
•Selling data
•Managing other companies’ data and data centers

65. 5-65
Case Study Questions
•Acxiom is in a unique type of business. How
would you describe the business of Acxiom?
•Are they a service-or product-oriented business?
•It is easy to see that Acxiom has focused on a
wide variety of data from different sources.
•How does Acxiom decide which data to collect,
and for whom?
•Acxiom’s business raises many issues related
to privacy.
•Are the data collected by Acxiom really private?

66. 5-66
Case 4: Protecting the Data Jewels
•Harrah’s Entertainment and other casino
companies closely guard customer data
•Both hard copy and electronic files
•Concerns
•Broader access to CRM systems
•More frequent job switching

67. 5-67
Case 4: Protecting the Data Jewels
•Protection methods
•Nondisclosure, non-compete, and nonsolicitation
agreements that specify customer lists
•Trade-secret laws and legal action
•Limiting access to sensitive information
•Physical security
•Strong password protection
•Reinforcement of signed agreements during
exit interviews
•Monitoring electronic communication

68. 5-68
Case Study Questions
•Why have developments in IT helped to
increase the value of the data resources of
many companies?
•How have these capabilities increased the
security challenges associated with protecting
a company’s data resources?
•How can companies use IT to meet the
challenges of data resource security?