Change*********************************************

Change

1. Change
By:
Dr. Esraa Mohammed Soltan
Nursing Administration Department
2022

2. Outline:
•Definition of change
•Features of change
•Types of change
•Reasons for change
•Advantages and disadvantages of change
•Reasons for resistance to change
•Theformulaforchange
•Factors that promote change
•Definition of change agent
•Characteristics of an effective change agent
•Process of change

3. Definition of change:
Changeasaconcept,referstoashiftinbehavior
and/orattitudefromwhatitwastowhatithas
become.
Thisshiftcouldbesociallydesirableorundesirable,
acceptableorunacceptable,helpfulorharmful,andso
on.

4. Definition of change:
Changeisadynamicprocessthatresultsinalteringor
makingsomethingdifferent.

5. Features of change:
•Itresultsfrominternalandexternalforces.
•Achangeinanyonepartoftheorganizationaffects
thewholeorganization.Forexample,anychangein
theplanningdepartmentwillaffectthefinance
department,marketingdepartment,personal
department,andotherdepartments.

6. Features of change (cont.):
•Itaffectsallthepartsintheorganizationbutat
varyingdegreesofsignificanceandatvarying
speeds.
•Itmayaffectpeople,structure,technology,working
process,workenvironment,organizationpolicy,and
otherelementsoftheorganization.
•Changeisunavoidable.
•Itisacontinuousprocess.Theorganizationhasto
manageit.

7. Types of change:
1. Unplanned change
2. Planned change

8. Unplanned change:
•Itoccurswhenforcesforceorganizationsto
implementchangewithoutpostponement.
•Example:changeingovernmentpolicy,natural
calamities,etc.

9. Planned change:
•Itoccurswhensomefeaturesmakeacomprehended
organizationthinkoverandfinallydecidethatthe
applicationofaparticularchangeisnecessary.
•Then,thechangeisintroducedinaplannedmanner.
•Example:changeintechnology,newproduct
innovation,etc.

10. Reasons for change:
Organizationalchangecanbeclassifiedintotwo
categories:
1.externalfactors
2.internalfactors

11. External factors:
•Externalfactorsmeanthosewhichareanoutside
factorandarenotincontroloftheorganization.
Theyinclude:
1.Governmentrulesandregulations
2.Competition
3.Technologyadvances
4.Changeinpeople’srequirements

12. Internal factors:
Internalfactorsarewithintheorganizationandone
whichcanbechangedbythemanagement.
Externalfactorsmaybeuncontrollable,butthe
organizationcanchangeitsinternalfactorsforproper
functioning.
Theyareasfollows:
1.Changeinleadership
2.Introducingnewtechnology
3.Organizationallifecycle
4.Formeetingcrises

13. Advantages of change:
•Innovation
•Diversification
•Improved communication
•Knowledge transfer
•To grow for a long run

14. Disadvantages of change:
•Inconvenient for the small organizations
•Chaos in the organization
•Resistance to change
•Mismanagement of the work

15. Reasons of resistance to change:
1.Fear of failure
2.Creature of habit
3.No obvious need.
4.Loss of control
5.Concern about the support system
6.Closed minded
7.Unwillingness to learn
8.Fear that the new way may not be better
9.Fear of the unknown
10.Fear of personal impact

16. Theformulaforchange:
Gleicher’schangeformulais:
D ×V ×F > R

17. Theformulaforchange (cont.):
•‘D’istheneedforchangealreadybeingregisteredbypeople’s
dissatisfactionwithrealitytoday.
•‘V’isthevisionforchangebeingsufficientlycompellingthat
mostpeopleareabletovisualizewhatispossible.
•‘F’representsthefirststepstowardimplementingthechange
beingvaluedbythewholecommunity.
•Ifthepreviousthreeareinplace,thenitislikelythattogethertheir
impactwillbegreaterthantheinevitableandunderstandable
resistance(‘R’)thattherewillbetothechange.

18. Factors promote change:
•IfpeopleunderstandtheneedIftheneedcoincides
withtheindividual'svalues,beliefs,andattitudes
•Iftheindividualfeelsthatthechange'sbenefits
outweighthecosts
•Iftheindividualhasaneedforthe
change/innovation
•Ifthechangeisintroducedgraduallysopeoplecan
adjust

19. Definition of change agent:
Achangeagentis"anyindividualorgroupfrom
withinoroutsidetheorganizationwhoserole
involvesthestimulation,guidanceorstabilizationof
change"

20. Characteristics of an effective change
agent:
•Is well organized
•Identifies restraining forces
•Is able to motivate
•Demonstrates and maintains a commitment to change
•Develops trusting relationships
•Responds to feedback and negotiation
•Is goal-directed
•Communicates well
•Maintains an optimistic attitude

21. Process of change:
•Unfreezing
•Changeintervention
•Refreezing

22. Process of change (cont.):
•Unfreezingisgettingthepeopleaffectedbythe
changetobelievethatchangeisneeded.
•Duringthechangeinterventionitself,workersand
managerschangetheirbehaviorandworkpractices.
•Refreezingissupportingandreinforcingthenew
changessothattheystick.

24. Summary:
•Definition of change
•Features of change
•Types of change
•Reasons for change
•Advantages and disadvantages of change
•Reasons of resistance to change
•The formula of change
•Factors promote change
•Definition of change agent
•Characteristics of an effective change agent
•Process of change

26. References:
•Catalano,J.T.(2019).Nursingnow:Today'sissues,
tomorrowstrends.FADavis.
•Murray,E.(2017).Nursingleadershipandmanagement:for
patientsafetyandqualitycare.FADavis.
•Shahana,A.M.,Sivakumar,A.,&Parthiban,M.V.
(2021).THEOPPORTUNITIESOFUNCERTAINTIES:
FLEXIBILITYANDADAPTATIONNEEDEDINCURRENT
CLIMATEVolumeI(SocialScienceandICT).Lulu
Publication.

27. References:
•Beauvais,A.M.(Ed.).(2018).LeadershipandManagement
CompetenceinNursingPractice:Competencies,Skills,
Decision-making.SpringerPublishingCompany.
•Silvestri,L.A.,&Silvestri,A.E.(2019).Saunders
ComprehensiveReviewfortheNCLEX-RN®Examination-
E-Book.