chap-1 INTRODUCTION power point for lecture.ppt

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1.Introduction to Power System
Automation

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1,Introduction1,Introduction
What is Power System Automation?
Power System Automation (PSA) is a critical aspect of
modern electrical power systems, aiming to improve the
efficiency, reliability, and security of the electrical grid.
It involves the integration of advanced control, monitoring,
and communication technologies to automate the operation
and control of power systems, typically in transmission and
distribution networks.

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Key Components of Power System Automation
 SCADA systems are central to power system automation. They
allow operators to monitor and control electrical equipment
remotely.
 SCADA collects real-time data from the field and provides
system operators with insights on the grid's status.
,Core Functions:
•Remote Monitoring: Collecting real-time data such as voltage,
current, and frequency from substations.
•Control Functions: Remotely opening/closing circuit breakers or
adjusting power flows.
•Alarming: Alerting operators to abnormal conditions like faults or
overloads.
1. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems:1. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems:

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2. 2. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
IEDs are smart devices that can perform protection, control,
and monitoring functions within the power network.
These devices communicate with SCADA systems and other
components to ensure efficient grid operation.
Examples of IEDs:
Relays: Used for protection (e.g., over current, distance
protection).
Meters: For measuring electrical parameters (e.g., power
factor, real/reactive power).
Controllers: For regulating voltage and other operational
parameters.

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3. Communication Networks:3. Communication Networks:
•A robust communication infrastructure is essential for PSA, as it
enables the exchange of data between control centers, field
devices, and substations. Common communication protocols used in
PSA include:
IEC 61850: A standard for substation communication.
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol): Commonly used in
SCADA communication.
Mod bus: A protocol used for serial communications in
automation.

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4. Substation Automation:4. Substation Automation:
 Substation automation is a key part of PSA, where equipment
in substations (like transformers and circuit breakers) is
automated and monitored.
Modern substations are equipped with IEDs and SCADA
systems to allow for:
•Self-healing: The ability to automatically detect and isolate
faults, rerouting power to minimize outages.
•Remote Operation: Operators can control substation equipment
from centralized control rooms.

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5. Protection and Control Systems:
•These systems are responsible for detecting faults or abnormal conditions
and taking actions such as isolating faulted sections to prevent damage to
the system.
•Protection Relays: Automatically disconnect equipment or sections of the
grid during fault conditions.
Automatic Generation Control (AGC): Ensures that generation matches
load demand in real-time, maintaining system frequency.
A Matter of Balance
Frequency
60A generator will increase output
when it sees low frequency
A generator will decrease output
when it sees high frequency
GenerationLoad

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Purpose of AGC
Maintaining constant frequency.
Minimizing unscheduled tie line power flows between
neighboring control areas.
Getting good tracking for load demands and disturbances.
Maintaining acceptable undershoot, overshoot and settling time
on the frequency and tie line power deviations.
Ensuring zero steady-state error.
Mutual assistance among interconnected systems in case of
emergencies.

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BENEFITS OF POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION
Improved Reliability: Reduced downtime and faster fault
detection.
Enhanced Efficiency: Optimized energy consumption and reduced
operational costs.
Real-time Monitoring: Instantaneous data collection and analysis.
Integration of Renewable: Automation facilitates the integration
of renewable energy sources, enabling a more sustainable and
resilient power grid.
Cost Savings: Efficient management of resources and reduced
operational costs contribute to overall savings for utilities and
consumers.
Flexible Billing Options and reduced customer outage minutes

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Structure of Power System Automation
The functional structure of power system automation will be as shown
in fig 6.1.
• Electrical Protection
•Control
• Measurement
• Monitoring
• Data Communications
Electrical Protection is the most important concept of the Power system
Automation, to protect the equipment and personnel and to limit the damage at
fault.
Measurement: The real time information about a substation or equipment is
collected and displayed in the control center and stored in a data base for further
manipulations.
Monitoring: It monitors sequence of records, status and condition of the system,
maintenance information and relay settings etc.
Data Communication :Normally Communication forms a core for any system, in
Power system Automation data communication forms core of the power system
Automation.

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ARCHITECTURE FOR POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION
Fig 2. Architecture for Power System Automation
Level 1: This level contains the field equipment and Switch gear,
CTs, PTS, etc.
Monitoring and measurement of system parameters are carried out
at this layer.

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Level 2: This level contains the protection and control equipment.
Protective relays, RTUS and IEDs constitute this layer.
The collected information for layer 1 is processed here.
Level 3: This level contains the Operator Display and Engineering
Workstation for executing the programs. This level is also called as
the Energy Management Systems (EMS) Level or Layer, where
network analysis programs are run for operating the system
Power system automation is concerned mostly with levels 1 and 2.
The RTUs and IEDs on receiving information determine the tasks to
be carried out for automation.
The usual tasks in automation are:
1)Switching (on or off) of Equipment like Capacitors, Reactors
2) Network Switching (on or off) or Reconfiguration of
Transmission or distribution lines
3)Changing settings on equipment (Transformer on-load tap
changing),

13. Control Systems for Power Automation
Objectives of systems control
•Enabling efficient management and operation of electrical power generation,
transmission, and distribution. These systems ensure that power flows smoothly
through the grid and that various components operate optimally under varying
conditions.
Key Components
1.SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Functionality and role in monitoring
2. Energy Management Systems (EMS)
•Optimization of generation and distribution
3. Automated Generation Control (AGC)
•Regulation of output to match demand
4. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
•Protection and control capabilities
5. Communication Networks
Data exchange and interoperability
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14. •Control Strategies
1. Feedback Control
•Definition and applications (e.g., PID control)
2. Feed forward Control
•Anticipatory adjustments
3. Adaptive Control
•Dynamic parameter adjustments
4. Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
•Benefits of decentralized control
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15.  Benefits of Control Systems in Power Automation
•Improved Reliability
•Operational Efficiency
•Real-Time Monitoring
•Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
Challenges
•Cyber security Risks
•Integration Complexity
•Cost of Implementation
•Skilled Workforce Shortage
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16. Real-Time Security Monitoring in Power Automation
•Real-time security monitoring in power automation is crucial for safeguarding
electrical infrastructure against threats, ensuring system reliability, and
maintaining operational integrity.
•This involves the continuous assessment of security conditions across power
generation, transmission, and distribution systems.
Challenges
•Data Overload: The volume of data generated can overwhelm security teams, making it
difficult to identify relevant threats.
•Integration Issues: Ensuring compatibility among various monitoring technologies and
protocols can be complex.
•False Positives: High rates of false alarms can lead to alarm fatigue, causing real threats to be
overlooked.
•Resource Intensive: Continuous monitoring requires significant investment in technology and
personnel.
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Substation Automation
•Substation automation: Substations have been equipped to
perform automatic re-closing, bus sectionalizing, load transfers,
capacitor switching, etc. for many years (traditional trend).
•Substation automation refers to the use of technology and systems
to improve the operation, monitoring, and control of electrical
substations (modern trend).
•It integrates various components and processes to enhance
reliability, efficiency, and safety in the power delivery system.
SCADA
RTUs
PLCs
IEDs

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Distribution Automation
Distribution Automation systems have been defined as system that enable
an electric utility to monitor, coordinate and operate system components in
a real time mode from remote locations.
The goals of Distribution Automation are:
Reduced costs
Improve service reliability
Better consumer service
 Enhance government relations
Trends
Smart Grid Integration: DA is a key enabler of smart grid technologies,
promoting better integration of renewable energy sources and demand response.
Advanced Analytics and AI: Utilities are leveraging advanced analytics and
artificial intelligence to optimize operations and predict potential failures.
Focus on Resilience: Growing emphasis on making distribution systems more
resilient in the face of climate change and extreme weather events.

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Communication systems for control and automation
Communication systems play a critical role in control and
automation, particularly in sectors:
•Electrical distribution
•Industrial automation
• smart grids.
These systems facilitate data exchange between devices, enabling real-time
monitoring, control, and decision-making.
Key Components
1. Protocols:
Mod bus: A widely used protocol for communication between electronic devices,
commonly employed in industrial automation.
•DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol): Used in SCADA systems for communication
between control centers and substations.
•IEC 61850: A standard for communication in substations that allows interoperability
between devices from different manufacturers.

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2.Communication Media:2.Communication Media:
•Wired Communication: Technologies such as Ethernet, RS-232, and RS-
485 are commonly used for stable, high-speed communication.
•Wireless Communication: Includes technologies like Wi-Fi, Zigbee,
LoRaWAN, and cellular communication, offering flexibility and ease of
deployment.
3. Network Architecture:
4. Remote Monitoring and Control:
•SCADA Systems
•RTUs
•IEDs
•Peer-to-Peer
•Client-Server
•Hierarchical Systems

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ChallengesChallenges
Cyber security Threats: Increased connectivity introduces
vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cyber attacks.
Interference and Signal Degradation: Wireless communication
can be affected by interference, leading to data loss or delays.
Complexity of Integration: Integrating various communication
protocols and devices can be complex and time-consuming.
Bandwidth Limitations: High data volumes may exceed the
capacity of existing communication channels, especially in large-
scale systems.

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Applications of Power System AutomationApplications of Power System Automation
1. Fault Detection and Isolation:
•Automated systems can rapidly detect faults in the power system, isolate the
faulted section, and restore power to unaffected areas, minimizing downtime and
improving reliability.
2. Load Shedding
•In case of a system overload or contingency, PSA can automatically
disconnect non-critical loads to prevent system instability or blackouts.
3. Voltage and Reactive Power Control:
•PSA systems help maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits by controlling
reactive power devices such as capacitor banks and voltage regulators.
4. Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Management:
•With the rise of renewable energy sources (like solar and wind), PSA helps
integrate these intermittent sources into the grid.
5. Self-Healing Networks:
•power systems can automatically reconfigure themselves during faults (self-
healing), reducing outage times and improving the overall resilience of the grid.

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Future Trends in Power System Automation
Smart Grids: Integration of renewable energy sources and
advanced metering infrastructure.
Artificial Intelligence: Use of AI for predictive maintenance and
operational optimization.
IoT Integration: Enhanced connectivity and data sharing among
devices.

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DiscussionDiscussion
Q2. What is the significance of real-time monitoring in power systems?
Q1.What is the difference between centralized and distributed control systems?
Q4. How do automated generation control (AGC) systems work?
Q3.What are the main components of a power automation system?