Chap 2 Motivation In The History

1. MOTIVATION IN THE MOTIVATION IN THE
HISTORYHISTORY
Saturday, 10Saturday, 10
thth
Oct 09 Oct 09

2. Course OutlineCourse Outline
Sr.|Chap|Final Exam Chapter Heading
No.|No.|Q. No.
1. 11 An Introduction to Motivational Concept
2. 2 2 Motivation in the History
3. 3 3 Darwinian Theory of Evolution and Motivation
4. 4 4 Instinct and Motivation
5. 5 5 The Effect of Frustration, Conflict and Stress
6. 66 Need Theories of Motivation
7. 7 7 Reinforcement/Incentive Theories
8. 8 8 Expectancy Theories of Motivation
9. 99 Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance
10. 10 10 Motivation and Monetary Rewards
11. 1111 Motivation Through MBO and Performance Appraisal

3. MOTIVATION IN THE HISTORYMOTIVATION IN THE HISTORY
CHAP: 2CHAP: 2
Recently acknowledged subjectRecently acknowledged subject
McClelland (1917-98) links it to Darwin and FreudMcClelland (1917-98) links it to Darwin and Freud
David MclellandDavid Mclelland

4. DUALISMDUALISM
Difference pertaining to motion; in living and non livingDifference pertaining to motion; in living and non living
Non living things move on the induction of some external Non living things move on the induction of some external
forceforce
Living organisms could move by themselvesLiving organisms could move by themselves
Difference in human beings and animalsDifference in human beings and animals
Difference pertaining to use of tools, language, foresight, Difference pertaining to use of tools, language, foresight,
morals and principlesmorals and principles
Murphy (1950): In Dreams, the spirit is mobilized independent of Murphy (1950): In Dreams, the spirit is mobilized independent of
body (matter and space)body (matter and space)
Dualism of soul/ mind and bodyDualism of soul/ mind and body

5. DUALISMDUALISM
Plato: things and ideas (idea is the ultimate reality; thing is Plato: things and ideas (idea is the ultimate reality; thing is
representation)representation)
Aristotle: Grades of soulsAristotle: Grades of souls
Vegetative soul; basic functions (plants, animals & man)Vegetative soul; basic functions (plants, animals & man)
Sensitive soul; locomotion & appetite (animals & man)Sensitive soul; locomotion & appetite (animals & man)
Rational soul; reasoning (man)Rational soul; reasoning (man)

6. HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE
CONDUCT/ BEHAVIORCONDUCT/ BEHAVIOR
1.1.KnowledgeKnowledge
Socrates, Plato & AristotleSocrates, Plato & Aristotle
Socrates says; “Knowledge and virtue are identical and that Socrates says; “Knowledge and virtue are identical and that
knowing leads always to right acting”knowing leads always to right acting”

7. 2.2.InstinctInstinct
Wilm (1925) says; Wilm (1925) says;
““The natural prompting called instincts are purposive activities The natural prompting called instincts are purposive activities
implanted in the animals by nature creator or by the world implanted in the animals by nature creator or by the world
reason or creator for the guidance of the creature in the reason or creator for the guidance of the creature in the
attainment of ends useful to it, in its own preservation or the attainment of ends useful to it, in its own preservation or the
preservation of the species, and the avoidance of the contrary”preservation of the species, and the avoidance of the contrary”
Wilm says “ The animal is impelled by sense impulse, directed Wilm says “ The animal is impelled by sense impulse, directed
towards the pleasurable. Man’s activity, through impulse plays a towards the pleasurable. Man’s activity, through impulse plays a
part, is motivated by rational insight into the relation between part, is motivated by rational insight into the relation between
the act and its end, which is the realization of the good” the act and its end, which is the realization of the good”

8. 1.Instinct
The 17th-century philosopher René Descartes proposed; the
concept of mind-body dualism,
which implied that human behaviour could be understood as
resulting from both a free, rational soul and from automatic, non
rational processes of the body.
His proposition that non rational, mechanistic processes of the
body could motivate behaviour under some circumstances led to
the development of the concept of instinct and provided a
counterpoint to Aristotle’s emphasis on learning as the most
important concept in the control of behaviour.
Today, the mechanistic component of Descartes’s dualism can be
seen as the distant forerunner of the study of genetic
components of motivation, while his other view of rational
choices can be regarded as a precursor of modern cognitive
approaches to motivation.

9. 1.Will and Free Will
Aristotle suggests that ‘will’ will choose the good indicated by
knowledge
Immanuel Kant, suggested that “the ultimate moral and
religious reality lies not in the field of knowledge but in the
process of will. His adoption of a ‘faculty psychology’ made
feeling and willing each quite separable from knowledge”
Murphy (1950)
Good actions arise from duty or from consideration of moral law

10. 4.Active Unconscious Factors:
Man lives by impulses, and we do not act from conscious
reason, but rather construct reasons to explain what has been
done in and through us
 John Locke, also contributed to the development of modern
motivational theory.
Locke’s emphasis on the importance of sensory experience can
be understood as underlying the modern focus on external
Ivan P. Pavlov
stimulation as motivating. Many psychologists believe that
goals become valuable to us because of the sensory experience
associated with these goals.
For instance: Long drive for desired food (its taste, smell, etc)
Locke also provided the important concept of association. As
proposed by Locke, one idea can become associated, or linked,
to another to produce a new, more complex idea.
For instance; money
Unconscious factors relate directly to the neurotic disorders
like hysteria (hypnotism reveals some related concepts)
John LockeJohn Locke
Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

11. 1.Hedonism: (Pleasure-seeking)
Aristippus of Cyrene says; Pleasure is the only thing worthy of
striving for and that pleasure is the good and happiness
A wise man is a perfected man of the world. He is susceptible to
the enjoyment of life, he knows what animal satisfactions are,
and how to prize spiritual joy, riches and honor”
The pleasure may be; absence of pain, satisfaction of basic
desires, social pleasures, religious pleasures, etc

12. 1.Nature and Motives of Men:
Maciavelli (1469-1527) The main motive for the leaders was to
gain power by egoism
Hobbes (1588-1679) Figures out that fear is the strongest motive,
as man is constantly at war with his fellows in the interest of his
desires (basic desires, for pleasure and avoidance of pain, and
for honor)
Shaftesbury (1671-1713) instinct, moral sense. Moral sense
consists of sense of order and harmony, he thinks men come
together in society naturally and the innate moral sense reflects a
favorable view of men’s nature
Rousseau (1712-1776) thinks the evils as frustration or egoism
arise from the society and man who is good basically gets the
influence and is spoiled by the society

13. THE IMPACT OF EVOLUTIONTHE IMPACT OF EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin wrote a book “The origin of species” 1859
Empedocles (500-430 BC) life emerged from inert matter
Charles Lyel (19
th
century) proved through Geology
Eisley (1959) and many others contributed to the idea of evolution
of men
The theory suggests that there is a continuity of development
from the lowest form to the highest
It emphasizes that survival requires adaptation to the prevailing
environment