Chap11. sustainable development on treating solid waste

the process about how to treat waste

1. WHAT IS SOLID WASTE ?

Non liquid, non soluble materials ranging from municipal
garbage to industrial waste that contain complex and
sometime hazardous substances.

List at least 10 types of solid waste.
Y

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2. - Geographic location
N - Climate

- Degree of Industrialization

Nature and
abundance in - Available resources
different countries _ mw
- Socio-economic conditions
depend on

- Religious custom
- Lifestyle

- Behavior of consumers

- Season Of the yéar =) g

3. Breeding ground for disease
carriers

mosquitoes, cockroaches, pigs, birds and other
disease vectors breed in open dumps, waste storage
facilites, pies ofroten refuse,

Spread of disease by animals
andothervectors,andfood

Spread of diseases by direct
contact

Airpolution

‘Above vectors transmit diseases and pathogenic bacteria
from waste to the households; consumption of meat from
animalseating infected waste.

Neighbourhoods, waste workers, scavengers in developing
countries are in direct contact with waste (in case of
organised handling thereis risk of accident). People using
recycled materials are also in direct contact with infected
materials (notorpoorly disinfected).

Fine grained materials, pathogens, decomposition of waste
generating greenhouse gases and other ga
smoke from burning, etc. cause pollution at transfer
stations,communalbins dumping sites

es, dust and

Contaminatedwater

Fire risk

Leachate and precipitation (may contain metals, organic
pollutants, hazardous substance, etc.) from waste piles and
open or inadequately protected disposal sites contaminate
surfaceand ground water,

Pilesof wasteand gas generated bythesepresentafirerisk

Connection to other

Blockage of drains and sewers increase workloads to those

Environmental pollution

Overall environmental degradation due to contamination
of air, water and soil environment via gaseous emission,
particulate matter, ash, leachate, piles of unwanted
materials, ete.

4. a
2

u

HOUSEHOLDS
BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRIES

5. 5

6. “TYPES OF WASTE ACCORDING TO PROPERTIES

. Bio-degradable
Can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
+ Non-biodegradable

Cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others)

Do you have another way of sorting waste?

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7. 7

8. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COSTS IN USS/CAPITA/YR

(AS PERCENTAGE OF INCOME)

3to6
Collection (0.9 to 1.7)

0.6 to 1.2
(02 to 0.3)

0.62 to 1.0
(0.2 to 0.3)

Public cleansing

Transfer

02 to 0.6

Dispönl (0.05 to 0.2)

9to21
(0.5 to 1.1)

1.8 to 4,2
(0.1 to 0.2)
1.5 to 4.5
(0.1 to 0.2)

0.9 to 3.3
(0.05 to 0.2)

こ ハン

42 to 72
(0.2 to 0.4)

4.2to 7.2
(0.02 to 0.04)

9.0 to 12.0
(0.05 to 0.07)

9.0 to 30.0
(0.05 to 0.2)
122

9. - Living standards
- Lifestyle

- Cultural and religious habits of the people
COMPOSITION OF
SOLID WASTE = - Availability of resources
DEPENDS ON

- Geographic location

- Season of the year

- Climatic condition ミン

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10. “Y Why do you think waste increases with wealth and income? =

Rich societies generate more wastes because their citizens can afford to do
without the leftovers, whether in the form of food, packaging, worn-out clothes,
or energy.

Richer countries produce more waste than poorer countries, but typically
have better waste management to help deal with these issues.

What Do Restaurants Do with ン
Leftover Food? *

(*): https://www.willshees.co.uk/news/what-do-restaurants-do-with-leftover-food/ 7" SY

11. AN AMAZING VIDEO

THE RICH, THE POOR, AND THE TRASH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_e7eFSkEjw

a ミイ N |

12. HOW TO SORT WASTE

“Y & BA |

13. 13

14. 14

15. How to sort waste in Shanghai?

Food leftovers, expired food,
fruit peels and cores,
plants, and TCM herbs

Paper, plastic, glass,
em mel fabrics

16. GERMANY

17. 7 =

ン

| Bottles,Cans PET bottles Combustible garbage Plastics

18. VIETNAM

How is the status of solid waste in Vietnam?
How is the status of landfills in Vietnam?
How is the status of waste segregation at source?

Describe your household's waste disposal?

What is the situation of waste collection in Vietnam?

19. I
SS WASTE COMPOSITION

“= An important waste parameter

= Composition studies require the manual
sorting of waste components into

predefined categories.

= Knowledge of individual components is
important for calculating waste physical
properties, projecting the potential impact
of recycling, performing landfill
calculations, and designing waste

incineration facilities.

Waste compositions ~ 一

Disposed waste

composition
Component (% by weight)
Food waste 9
Paper 34
Cardboard 6
Plastic 7
Textile 2
Rubber 0.5
Leather 0.5
Yard waste 18.5
Wood 2
Glass 8
Tin 6
Aluminum 0.5
Other metals 3
Dirt, ash, etc. 3
Total 100

20. PROPERTIES OF MSW

L

Specific weight (y)
Moisture content

Field capacity

Hydraulic conductivity (K)
Chemical composition
Energy content

Biological properties )

に

21. PROPERTIES OF MSW

2. Moisture content

u に 。 À

22. MOISTURE CONTENT

—Moisture content is crucial when processing refuse into fuel, directly combusting, or degrading a

Waste mass.

When MC is defined on a weight basis, it may be presented as either wet or dry such that:

MC = weight of water = ME d (82)
E initial wet weight of sample w
weight of water w—d
MC,., = = 8.3
y dry weight of solids d QE)
where:
MC 。= moisture content defined on wet basis, fraction or percentage
MC 모르 moisture content defined on dry basis, fraction or percentage ン
w = the initial wet weight of the sample, Ib or kg SY
d= the weight of the sample after drying at 105°C, Ib er kg ノ Y Y

23. 4 a Specific weight estimates and moisture content values

of MSW.

-一 Specific weight (Ib/ft?)

Waste component

Food

70-135
70-220
70-170
Rubber 170-340
Leather 170-440
Yard Waste 220-540
Wood 270-810
85-270
110-405
Dirt, ash, etc. 540-1685

Source data: Tchobano al. (1993) and

Typical

490
150

85
110
110
220
170
400
330
270
810

Range
50-80

4-10

Typical

60

24. Moisturecontent can also be expressed on a volumetric basis, such that:

の MC。 Volume of water (84) 7
" Volume of sample
where:

MC, , = moisture content defined on a volume basis, fraction or percentage

Finally, moisture content can be expressed as the portion (percent or
fractional percentage) of the pore space filled with water. This expression is
referred to as saturation (Sw) (Equation 8.5).

Volume of water
= ae 8:5) 图
” Volume of voids in sample ee)

where:

8

= moisture content expressed as saturation, fragtigh or percentage

25. EXAMPLE 1

~
ESTIMATING MOISTURE CONTENT
> OF A SAMPLE OF MSW

A residential waste
compositions as shown in the
table. Use typical values for
MC found in Table 8.5 to
estimate the moisture content of
the sample on both a wet and

dry weight basis.

Disposed waste compositions 1)

Disposed waste composition
Component (% by weight)

Food waste 10
Paper 35
Cardboard

Plastic

Textile

Rubber

Leather

Yard waste 2
Wood

Glass

Aluminum

Dirt, ash, etc.

Totals 100

B»omuS--wmca
u u

26. _/ SOLUTION

ご Step 1

Assume an initial wet
disposed waste weight of 100
Ib and create a calculation

table.

~

Typical
Disposed moisture Dry
waste content weight*

Component (Ib) (wet basis) 06)
Food Waste 10 70 3
Paper 35 6 32.9
Cardboard 6 5 57
Plastic 8 2 7.84
Textile 3 10 2.7
Rubber 1 2 0.98
Leather 1 10 0.9
Yard Waste 20.5 60 8.2
Wood 3 20 2.4
Glass 8 2 7.84
Aluminum 0.5 3 0.485
Dirt, Ash, etc. 4 8 3.68
Totals 100 lb wet 76.6 lb dry

*Calculation based on 100 16. For example, the dry weight for food
waste is determined as 10 lb(1 - 0.70) = 3 lb.

27. Step 2

Use Equation (8.2) to determine the moisture content on a wet weight basis:

100 — 76.6

w
100 (100) = [23.4%

Me, = = 7100) =
w

wet

For MC, , use Equation (8.3):

w-d 100 — 76.6
M 100 100) = [30.5% 2
E a > _ (100) =|30.5%

dry

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28. PROPERTIES OF MSW

6. Energy content

aS kd) A '

29. The energy content of MSW can be determined:

1. Through laboratory experiments using calorimeters

2. By using a full-scale boiler as a calorimeter (inconvenient)

3. By calculations based on the waste elemental composition

30. Energy content values are often characterized as being on an
I

as-collected basis, moisture-free, or moisture- and ash-free. Converting between

reported values is easily accomplished using Equations (8.7) and (8.8).

Energy Content (moisture free) Le

BTU ( 100 )

= (35 collected) 100 — % moisture

16 (5)

BTU
lb

Energy Content (ash and moisture free

BTU 100 ン
= (as collected) (uma)

lb % moisture — %
(8.8) ミン

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31. 3 When BTU values are not available for a given material, approximate values may be

obtained by calculating the bulk chemical compositions and then applying Equation
(8.9), known as the Dulong Formula.

Energy Content e = 145C+ 610 (H = +0) + 405 + ION
(8.9)

where C, H, O, S, and N represent the percent by weight of each element or
compound in the individual waste material.

32. I. Energy content data for individual waste components —
commonly found in MSW (Table 8.6)

Proximate analysis (% by weight) Energy content (BTU/Ib)

Moisture- and
Waste component Moisture Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash As collected Moisture-free ash-free

Food (mixed) 70.0 214 3.6 5.0 1,797 5,983 7,180
Paper (mixed) 02 759 84 54 6,799 7,571 8,056
Cardboard 52 775 12.3 50 7,042 7,428 7,842
Plastics (mixed) 02 95.8 20 20 14,101 14,390 16,024
Textiles 10.0 66.0 175 65 7,960 8,844 9,827
Rubber 12 839 49 99 10,890 11,022 12250
Leather 10.0 685 125 90 7,500 8,040 8,982
Yard waste 50.0 30.0 95 05 2,601 6,503 6,585
Wood (mixed) 200 68.1 11.3 0.6 6,640 8,316 8,383

Dirt, ash, etc. 8 = = 70 3,000 = =

33. “EXAMPLE 2

Y Given data Collected values Calculated values
~
ESTIMATING THE ENERGY Disposed
Y CONTENT OF A WASTE waste Energy Total
(% by weight content energy
Component orlb/1001b) (BTU/Ib)? (BTU)
C id dental Food waste 10 1,797 17,970
onsider a residential waste pane 35 6799 237.965
composition characterized as shown Cardboard 6 7,042 42,252
Plastic 8 14,101 112,808
in the first two columns of the table. Textile 3 7,960 23,880
Rubber 1 10,890 10,890
Estimate the as-collected energy Leather 1 7,500 7,500
Patent of the waste. Yard waste 20.5 2,601 53,320.5
Wood 3 6,640 19,920
Glass 8 60 480
Aluminum 0.5 一 0
Dirt, ash, etc. 4 3,000 12,000
Totals 100 n/a 538985.5

34. ディ SOLUTION

Step 1 —
Using Table 8.6, list the energy value for each compound (shown in the third column in the
table above).

Step 2
Assume a 100 Ib sample of disposed waste (Column 2) and calculate the total energy
available from each compound (shown in last column in the table above).

Step 3
Calculate the bulk energy content of the disposed waste

Disposed waste bulk energy content

_ 538, 985.5 BTU u 53908 U Ly

100 lb lb

35. EXAMPLE 3

ESTIMATING THE ENERGY CONTENT OF
MSW USING THE DULONG FORMULA

Assume the chemical composition of a MSW sample can be

represented as Cg. 17990757N,,S- Estimate the energy

content based using the Dulong formula.

36. =,

Step 1 ,

SOLUTION

~
Compose a calculations table to determine the

percént weight contribution made by each

element in the representative compound.

Step 2

Apply the Dulong Formula (Equation 8.9)

Energy Content =

Energy Content =

145(35.8) + 610 (7 8- 5 (556)

+40(0.1) + 10(0.7)] BTU/b

5721 BTU/b

Calculation table for Example
3

=

Elemental
Number of weight
atoms Atomic contribution % Weight
Component permole weight permole Contribution

C 650 12 7800 35.8
H 1700 1 1700 78
0 757 16 12112 55.6
N 1 14 154 07

1 32 32 0.1
Totals 21798 100.0

37. THE DIFFERENT OUTPUTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND THEIR CONNECTIONS WITH DIFFERENT ASPECTS —

Solid Waste
Management

38. 7 ー
AN EXAMPLE OF CONVENTIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND
__ THE INVOLVEMENT OF “FOUR R” THAT HELPS IN DECREASING THE
- AMOUNT OF FINAL DISPOSAL THAN THE CONVENTIONAL PROCESS”

Conventional SWM system
Generation =
Das we en he High disposal amount | What is recovery of waste?
of waste
Smart SWM system
Generation ! H
or Collection | Reduction Reuscof Recycling Recovery ' ‘Transport ーー を
separation ofwaste 、 of waste waste of waste ofwaste | of waste EN Low dispesal amoun
of waste | H
|

A Review of Sod Waste Management using System Dynamics Modeling O)
Kanchan Popli, Gamal Luckman Sudibya, Seungdo Kim" SA Y
‘Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea SY

39. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARHY

7 \prevention

minimisation

most
favoured
option

\ reuse

\ reeveling

x A
east», po lo recovery

favoured à
option

\ disposal
=

40. Soil Pollution Solid Waste Management

Garbage refers to the putrescible solid waste (Solid waste that
contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by
microorganisms) constituents produced during the preparation or
storage of meat, vegetables, etc

Rubbish is the non-putrescible solid waste constituents, either
combustible or non combustible. Combustible waste includes paper,
wood, scrap, rubber, leather, etc. Non-combustible wastes are metals,
glass, ceramics etc.

Refuse means all decomposing and non-decomposing combustible
and non-combustible solid wastes such as garbage, ashes, paper,
cans, wood scraps, plastic etc.

41. TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
ーー _____ a _

IBLE AND NON-PUTI

Refuse ?
BIODEGRADABLE AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE Rubbish ?
Thrash ?
AND WET WASTE Garbage ?

COMMINGLE AND INERT WASTE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcc4Cm_lwyA

JSTIBLE AND NON-COMBUSTIBLE

42. PUTRESCIBLE WASTE ] ela | NON- PUTRESCIBLE WASTE |

나 U

COMBUSTIBLE WAS NON- COMBUSTIBLE WASTE

J

| SCRAP/DEBRIS |

43. Soil Pollution
Solid Waste Management

Collection Transport Disposal

44. Soil Pollution
Solid Waste Management

Disposal

Transport

Collection

GENERAL WASTE

”Rag pickers contribute to waste
> ㅣ d management. They segregate
vor to door collection of domestic recyclable materials from other y

Large number of dustbins must be
provided to enable proper collection of garbage, is the most common and

‘solid wastes according to categories. Popular practice.

wastes and hence save the cos ま ad 。
time.

45. Soil Pollution
Solid Waste Management

Collection Transport Disposal

Transportation of solid wastes from urban areas to the dumping grounds
with the help of tractors, trucks etc.

46. Soil Pollution
Solid Waste Management

Collection Transport Disposal

ㆍ Open dumping ・ Land fill

47. Soil Pollution
5 R of Solid Waste Management

Over-consumption and waste of commodities can be checked by adopting the five Rs of consumption.

Refuse Reduce Reuse Repair Recycle

Ny

Le |
AD NS N (LEA.

48. THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT J

7. TECHNOLOGIES
7 * China: 70%
Landfilling * USA: 60%
he | * China: 10%
ncineration * USA: 15%

Recycling and *China: 20%
Composting * USA: 25% u
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49. WHAT IS A LANDFILL? J

= Concept fostered in early 20th century

= An area of land that has solid waste deposited on it such a
quantity to noticeably change the surface elevation.

50. Potential Landfill Problems

・ Landfill can present problems with respect to:

Spread of diseasé
Odors Controlled by sanitary

{ landfill techniques
= Fires

- Contamination of groundwater | Controlled by ae %

ー Gas emissions modern landfill ae “0
design

51. +ANDFILL Household or waste generation source
DISPOSAL y

%* Primary collection
ES e —

Waste handling and storage (Dustbins)

Improper landfill

can generate (A Pl a |
different 1 acl
Secondary Collection

environmental
1690
pollutants Aa 1

Transfer and transport

‘Treatment

52. Methane Gas
Recovery

€ Leschste
Spare uy

Treatment $

53. 5. BATTERIES AND TYRES

Battery recycling is not only a response to market condition (i.e., price of lead) but also is
important due to concern over the toxic compound including lead, cadmium and mercury present in
many batteries.

Battery reprocessing includes breaking open the batteries, neutralising the acid, chipping the
container for recycling and smelting the lead to produce recyclable lead.

Tyres: a special challenge to solid waste and recycling programme managers.
The use of chipped or shredded tyres as a source for fuel is growing.

Electricity-generating facilities, pulp and paper mills and cement kilns are the most common
processes using scrap tyres (*).

(*): EPA, 1989 and 1995 yz)

54. COMPOSTING

U Composting is the biological decomposition and stabilization of organic substrate under

conditions that allow development of thermophilic temperatures as a result of
biologically produced heat, to produce a final product that is stable, free of pathogens,
plant seeds and can be beneficially applied to land. (*)

Water vapors, Heat,

On Other gases Oxygen
Oxygen

Humic
substrates,

Carbon,
Nitrogen,
0 Compostin Inorganic,
Inorganic, | => pP 9 => >) ganic,
Pathogens, process Micro-organi
Weed seeds, sms
Microbes

(*): Haug, R. T. and Haug, H. T. (1993) Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering; Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton

55. AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC
222

“Y & BA |

56. When an apple is
composted:

ML EE

apple oxygen aerobic

bacteria

NO3

CO»
POA + + “u ン
nutrients oe し ア

thought Fullysustainable com JS

57. Landfill

(+f: 0

apple no oxygen anaerobic

Ho
-&

carbon methane
dioxide

Compost

、 + 回 + %

apple oxygen aerobic

bacteria
||
0660

nutrients carbon water
dioxide

58. 58