Chap5.memory

1. SOSC 2
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 5: Memory

Explicit memory – memory that clearly and distinctly
expresses (explicates) specific information.

Episodic memory – memories of events that happen to a
person or that take place in the person’s presence.

Semantic memory – general knowledge, as opposed to
episodic memory.

Implicit memory – memory that is suggested (implied) but
not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people
do but do not state clearly.

Priming – the activation of specific associations in memory,
often as a result of repetition and without a conscious effort
to access the memory.

Retrospective memory – memory for past events, activities,
and learning experiences, as shown by explicit (episodic and
semantic) and implicit memories.

Prospective memory – memory to perform an act in the
future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.

Encoding – modifying information so that it can be placed in
memory; the first stage of information processing.

Storage – the maintenance of information over time; the
second stage of information processing.

Maintenance rehearsal – mental repetition of information to
keep it in memory.

Elaborative rehearsal – the kind of coding in which new
information is related to information that is already known.

Retrieval – the location of stored information and its return
to consciousness; the third stage of information processing.

Memory – the processes by which information is encoded,
stored, and retrieved.

Sensory memory – the type or stage of memory first
encountered by a stimulus; holds impressions briefly, but
long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically
continuous.

Memory trace – an assumed change in the nervous system
that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

Icon – a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is
held briefly in sensory memory.

Iconic memory – the sensory register that briefly holds
mental representations of visual stimuli.

Eidetic imagery – the maintenance of detailed visual
memories over several minutes.

Echo – a mental representation of an auditory stimulus
(sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory.

Echoic memory – the sensory register that briefly holds
mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Short-term memory – the type or stage of memory that can
hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of
the stimulus decays; also called working memory.

Working memory – another term for short-term memory.

Serial-position effect – the tendency to recall more
accurately the first and last items in a series.

Chunk – a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a
discrete piece of information.

Displace – in memory theory, to cause information to be lost
from short-term memory by adding new information.

Long-term memory - the type or stage of memory capable of
relatively permanent storage.

Repression – in Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the ejection
of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

Schema – a way of mentally representing the world, such as a
belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of
persons, objects, and situations.

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon – the feeling that
information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily
retrieved; also called the feeling-of-knowing experience.

2. Context-dependent memory – information that is better
retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored,
or learned.

State-dependent memory – information that is better
retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it
was encoded and stored, or learned.

Nonsense syllables – meaningless sets of two consonants,
with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study
memory.

Paired associates – nonsense syllables presented in pairs in
experiments that measure recall.

Method of savings – a measure of retention in which the
difference between the number of repetitions originally
required to learn a list and the number of repetitions
required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has
elapsed is calculated.

Savings – the difference between the number of repetitions
originally required to learn a list and the number of
repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount
of time has elapsed.

Interference theory – the view that we may forget stored
material because other learning interferes with it.

Retroactive interference – the interference of new learning
with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

Proactive interference – the interference by old learning with
the ability to retrieve material learned recently.

Dissociative amnesia – loss of memory of personal
information that is thought to stem from psychological
conflict or trauma.

Infantile amnesia – inability to recall events that occur prior
to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia.

Hippocampus – a structure in the limbic system that plays an
important role in the formation of new memories.

Anterograde amnesia – failure to remember events that
occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the
trauma.

Retrograde amnesia – failure to remember events that
occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of
the trauma.

Engram – an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that
corresponds to a memory trace.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) – enhanced efficiency in
synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation.

Misinformation effect – the shaping of bogus or slanted
memories by providing inaccurate information as, for
example, in the form of “leading questions.”






























References:
Feldman, R. S. (2010). Understanding Psychology. 9
th
Edition. McGraw Hill
Companies, Inc.
Morris, C.G.,et al. (2007). Psychology Concepts and Applications. Pearson
Education, Inc. New Jersey.
Rathus, S. (2014). Psychology. 3
rd
edition. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Philippines.

Prepared by:
Mrs. Maria Angela L. Diopol
Instructor