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1. Chapter Five Group Behavior

2. Learning Objectives Define the term group. Describe various groups that exist in organizations. Discuss people form groups. Compare the various stages of group development. Identify the major characteristics of groups.

3. Introduction Organizational behavior is more than the logical composite of the behavior of individuals. It is also the behavior of groups that interact and the activities within groups. This chapter provides a model for understanding the nature of groups in organizations. The chapter begins by defining the various types of groups, reasons for their formation, and characteristics of groups.

4. The Meaning of a Group A group is defined as “ two or more employees who interact with each in such a manner that the behavior and/or performance of a member is influenced by the behavior and/or performance of other members”.

5. Types of Groups An organization has technical requirements that arise from its stated goals. Accomplishment of these goals requires that certain tasks be performed and that employees be assigned to perform these tasks. As a result, most employees are members of a group based on their positions in the organization. Formal groups: groups created by managerial decision to accomplish stated goals of organization.

6. Continue… The demands and processes of the organization lead to the formation types of formal groups: Command group: the command group, which is specified by the organization chart, comprises the subordinates who report directly to a given supervisor. Task group: a task group comprises the employee who work together to complete a particular task or project. For example, activities of clerks in an insurance company are required tasks.

7. Continue… Informal group: informal group are natural groupings of people in the work situation, who come together in response to social needs. Two specific informal groups exist: Interest groups: Individuals who may not be members of the same command or task group may affiliate to achieve some mutual objective. Friendship groups: many groups form because members have something in common, such as age, political beliefs, or ethic background.

8. Why People Form Groups Formal and informal groups form various reasons. Some reasons involve needs, proximity, attraction, goals, and economics. The satisfaction of needs: the desire for need satisfaction can be a strong motivating force leading to group formation. Specifically, some employee’s security, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs can be satisfied to a degree by their affiliation with groups.

9. Continue… Proximity and attraction: Interpersonal interaction can result in group formation. Two important facets of interpersonal interaction are proximity and attraction. Proximity: involves the physical distance between employees performing a job. Attraction: designates the degree to which people are drawn to each other because of perceptual, attitudinal, performance, or motivational similarity.

10. Continue… Group goals: a group’s goals, if clearly understood, can be reason why an individual is attracted to it. For example, an individual may join a group that meets after work to become familiar with new production methods to be implemented in the organization over the next year. Economics: in many cases, groups form because of individuals believe that they can derive greater economic benefits from their jobs if they organize.

11. Stages of Group Development There are four stages of development: (1) Mutual acceptance: in the early stages of group formation, members are generally reluctant to communicate with one another. Typically, they aren’t willing to express opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. (2) communication and decision making: after a group reaches the point of mutual acceptance, its members begin to communicate openly with one another. This communication results in increased confidence and even more interaction within the group.

12. Continue… Motivation and productivity: in this stage of development, effort is expended to accomplish the group’s goals. The group works as a cooperative rather than competitive unit. Control and organization: at this point, group affiliation is valued, and members are regulated by group norms, group goals take precedence over individual goals, and the norms are complied with or sanctions are exercised.

13. Characteristics of Groups As group evolve through their various stages of development, they begin to exhibit certain characteristics: structure, status, hierarchy, roles, norms, leadership, cohesiveness, and conflict. (1) structure: within any group, some type of structure evolves over a period of time. Group members are differentiated on the basis of such factors as expertise, aggressiveness, power, and status; each member occupies a position in the group. The pattern of relationships among the positions constitutes a group structure.

14. Continue… (2) status hierarchy: status and position are so similar that he terms are often interchangeable. The status assigned to a particular position is typically a consequence of certain characteristics that differentiate one position from other positions. (3) Roles: each person in the group structure has an associated role that consists of the expected behaviors of the occupant of that position. For example, a nursing supervisor, is expected to supervise the activities of nursing personnel engaged in specific nursing services, such as pediatrics, and surgery.

15. Continue… (4) Norms: are the standards shared by the members of a group. They have certain characteristics that are important to group members. First, norms are formed only with respect to things that have significance for the group. Second, norms are accepted in various degrees by group members. Third, norms may apply to every group member or to only some group members. (5) Leadership: the leadership role in groups is a crucial group characteristic as the leader plays an important role in determining group success.

16. Continue… (6) Cohesiveness: is generally regarded as a force acting on the members to remain in a group that is greater than the forces pulling the member away from the group.

17. Groupthink Groupthink: is a cohesive group’s desire for agreement interferes with the group’s consideration of alternative solutions. (1) Illusion of invulnerability: members of group believe that they are invincible. (2) Tendency to moralize: any opposition to group views is characterized by members as weak, evil, or unintelligent. (3) Feeling of unanimity: each member of the groups supports the leader’s decisions. Members may have reservations about decisions but do not share their views.

18. Continue…. (4) Pressure to conform: formal and informal groups attempts are made to discourage discussion of divergent views. Groups exert great pressure on individual members to conform. (5) Opposing ideas dismissed: any individual or outside groups that criticizes or opposes a decision receives little or no attention from the group.