Chapter 1 introduction of construction engineering

bUAT MEREKA YANG BELAJAR enGENERING

2. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development
Construction is the massive, worldwide effort to
build various types of structures and facilities.
This can be accomplished by assembling materials,
parts, and systems into the major subsections of the
structure.
The finished structure it then becomes part of the
building stock necessary for the conduct of business
and life.

3. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development – cont…
The main purposes of the construction project are to
contain shelter, transport, and manufacture,
communicate, or provide recreation.
Therefore, construction can be described as a basic
industry that fulfills human needs.
It includes the building of everything from simple,
light frame sheds to massive dams.
The building we occupied, roads we drive on and
bridge that we cross all are made possible by the
activities of the construction.

4. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development – cont…
Figure : The projects skyscrapers under construction

5. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development – cont…
Construction is a process that consists of the building
or assembling of infrastructure.
It could be in a single activity or large scale
construction which is a feat of multitasking.
Construction of a building is usually executed by a
specialized construction team.
It is normally separate from the design team,
although some large organizations may combine
both functions.

6. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development – cont…
The general contractor may do some of the actual
work on the building in addition to its coordinating
role.
The remainder of the work is done by a group of
specialty subcontractors who are under contract to
the general contractor.
Each subcontractor provides and installs one or
more of the building systems e.g., the structural or
electrical system.
The subcontractors in turn buy the system
components from the manufacturers.

7. 1.0 Overview of Construction
Development – cont…
During the construction process the design team
continues to act as the owner’s representative, making
sure that the executed building conforms to the contract
documents and that the systems and components meet
the specified standards of quality and performance.
In Malaysia, the construction industry accounts
approximately 2.7% of the gross domestic product
(GDP) in 2006 and nearly 5% in the 2008. This
industry has multiplier effects to the economy and
became the heart that initiate the growth of other
industries, namely manufacturing, professional services,
financial services, education and others.

8. 1.1 Construction Life Cycle
All construction projects involve the same steps and
procedure throughout its life cycle.
A project usually is planned, built and operated.

9. PLANNING
CONSTRUCTING
SERVICING
DESIGNING
BUILDING STRUCTURE
MANAGING
INSTALLING SYSTEM
FINISHING PROJECT
Initiate project Obtain site Survey site Design and engineer
project
Make working Drawing and
specifications
Contracting Manage Construction Obtain Workers Obtain materials and equipments
Prepare to build Do earthwork Build Foundations Prepare Superstructure Enclose
structure
Install transportation
system
Install climate control
system
Install plumbing
systems
Install electrical
systems
Install communication
system
Insulate Enclose Interior Finish Structure Landscape Site
Transfer project
Changing Using
Alter Install Restore Demolish Operate Maintain Repair
The construction cycle

10. 1.1 Construction Life Cycle – cont…
Planning begins when a person has an idea and
gets the decision-making started.
This step is called initiating. Initiators will determine
the need for the project and convince others on the
needs.
To ensure that the project is a good or a profitable
idea to be built, a feasibility study is done to
determine the marketability of the project.
Then only a clear recommendation can be made
and forward to the client.

11. 1.1 Construction Life Cycle – cont…
When the owners accept the project, the site selection
will be made.
Land and soil surveys are made to measure and
describe the land profile and soil conditions.
Information gained from all the surveys and testing then
will be used in the design and engineering stage to
produce the working drawings and specifications.
Basically, the working drawing will describe the
placement, shape and size of the project; while the
specifications will describe the kind of materials and the
quality of work expected by the owner.

12. 1.1 Construction Life Cycle – cont…
The constructing or building works start when the
contractor begins to prepare the site for the project.
The site was cleared from unwanted features e.g.
bushes, rocks, trees, existing building etc.
This process is known as Site Clearing. Temporary
access road and infrastructures were then being
built for the construction usage follows by an
earthwork, substructure and the superstructure
works.

13. 1.1 Construction Life Cycle – cont…
When the construction stage complete/finished, the
contractor is responsible for problems occur through
the warranty period which is normally one (1) year
or (3) years (can be vary depends on contract
condition).

14. 1.2 Types of Construction
Construction industry sectors are usually separated
into the following four categories:
1.Residential
2.Commercial building
3.Infrastructure and heavy highway
4.Industrial

15. 1.2 Types of Construction – cont…
1.Residential Construction Sectors
The residential construction sector is comprised of individual
homes, small condominiums, and apartment complexes.
These projects tend to be privately funded by individual
owners for their own use or for speculation.
 As a site-built product, this construction uses fairly low
technology and readily available technology. In small or
individual house construction, normally a one-person
company will serve as a general contractor.
This general contractor will then hire subcontractors to do
special jobs/task. Construction for the other large residential
such as entire housing developments, apartment buildings
and condominium normally executed by large and well
establish construction Company with in-house professionals
and workers to execute the project.

16. Figure : Residential Construction

17. 1.2 Types of Construction – cont…
2.Commercial Building Construction Sectors
The commercial building sector includes office buildings,
large apartment complexes, shopping malls, theaters,
schools, universities, and hospitals.
These sectors included private and public funding.
Typical designs and the specialization involved in the
construction of this sector, for example, hospital building
requires a special knowledge of the activities held in
tending to technically complex in design and require tight
quality control during construction.

18. Figure : Commercial Building

19. 1.2 Types of Construction – cont…
3.Infrastructure And Heavy Highway Construction Sectors
Construction of infrastructure and heavy highway sector
enables the distribution of goods and people.
Projects involve (for examples; roadways, dams, bridge etc.)
are designed principally by civil engineers and build by
heavy construction contractors who have engineering
backgrounds or support (equipments, professionals and
technology).
Most of these types of projects are highly complex and
publicly funded because they served the public’s needs.

20. Figure : Infrastructure And Heavy Highway

21. 1.2 Types of Construction – cont…
4.Industrial Construction Sectors
The industrial sector such as steel mills, petroleum refineries,
chemical processing plants, and automobile production
facilities are defined by the production activities within the
facilities.
The design and construction were depends on the need of
the process and production equipment. Mostly, these
facilities are privately funded and also can be from public
fund which depends on the respective country/nation.
This sector was also required in specialized design and
construction due to its complexity and high level of
technology used for the production.

22. Figure : Industrial

23. 1.3 Construction Team
Each type of construction project requires a unique
team to plan, design, construct, and maintain the
project.
The construction team is headed by a coordinating
organization, often called a general contractor,
which takes the primary responsibility for executing
the building and signs a contract to do so with the
building user.

24. 1.3 Construction Team– cont…
The cost of the contract is usually an agreed lump
sum, although cost-plus-fee contracts are sometimes
used on large projects for which construction begins
before the contract documents are complete and
the building scope is not fully defined.
Major players in the construction industry were
shown in Figure.

25. OWNER
PROJECT
DESIGN
(Design professional)
MANAGEMENT
(Construction Manager/
General Contractor)
CONSTRUCTION
(Constructor)
Architect
Engineers
Subcontractors
Suppliers

26. 1.3 Building Construction
Building construction began with the purely
functional needs to control the indoor environment
and to moderate the effects of climate.
Constructed shelters where one means by which
human beings were able to adapt themselves to a
wide variety of climates and become a global
species.

27. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
Human shelters were at first very simple and
perhaps lasted only a few days or months.
However, even temporary structures evolved into
such higher refined forms as the igloo.
Gradually more durable structures began to
appear, particularly after the advent of agriculture,
when people began to stay in one place for long
periods.

28. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
The first shelters were dwellings, but later other
functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were
housed in separate buildings.
Some structures began to have symbolic as well as
functional value, marking the beginning of the
distinction between architecture and building.
Building construction can range from a home to a
skyscraper.

29. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
In the field of architecture, construction, engineering
and real estate development, the word building
may refer to one of the following:
1.Any man-made structure used or intended for
supporting or sheltering any use or continuous
occupancy.
2.An act of construction.

30. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
In general, building can be classified according to
their usage namely:
1.Agricultural buildings – barn, chicken house, green
house, silo, and farm house etc.
2.Commercial buildings – bank, hotels, office buildings,
restaurants, supermarket etc.
3.Residential Buildings – apartment blocks,
condominium, dormitory, house (bungalow, detached
house, links house etc.)
4.Educational buildings – collage, school, library,
university, concert hall etc.

31. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
5.Government buildings – city hall, embassy, fire station,
parliament etc.
6.Industrial buildings – factory, power plant, mill etc.
7.Military buildings – barracks, castle, tower, defensive
wall etc.
8.Parking and storage – aircraft hanger, garage, storage
silo, warehouse etc.
9.Religious buildings – mosque, pyramid, pagoda, temple
etc.
10.Transit Stations – airport terminal, bus station, metro etc.
11.Other – stadium, marina, hospital, low energy building,
triumphal arch, etc.

32. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
The history of the building is marked by a number
of trends. One is the increasing durability of the
materials used.
Early building materials were perishable, such as
leaves, branches, and animal hides. Later, most
durable natural materials such as clay, stone, and
timber and, finally, synthetic materials such as brick,
concrete, metals, and plastics were used.

33. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
Another is a quest for buildings of ever greater
height and span; this was made possible by the
development of stronger materials and by
knowledge of how materials behave and how to
exploit them to greater advantage.
A third major trend involves the degree of control
exercised over the interior environment of buildings:
increasingly precise regulation of air temperature,
light and sound levels, humidity, odors, air speed,
and other factors that affect human comfort has
been possible.

34. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
Yet another trend is the change in energy available
to the construction process, starting with human
muscle power and developing toward the powerful
machinery used today.
The general principles of construction are whatever
approach taken for the design and erection of the
buildings there are a number of fundamental
principles that hold true.
The building has to resist gravity and hence remain
safe throughout its design life and substantial
advice is provided in regulations and standards.

35. 1.3 Building Construction – cont…
In fact, whatever it shapes and heights, every
building is composed of some common elements:
1.Foundations
2.Floors
3.Walls
4.Roof
5.Windows and doors
6.Stairs and ramps
7.Surface finishes
8.Services