chapter 1 - Psychology an Introduction.ppt

Introduction to psychology, the origin of the fueld and its scope.

1. Chapter 1 - Psychology An
Introduction

2. •To define Psychology.
•Look at the historical background of
Psychology.
•To identify the school of thought,
approaches/ perspective and
specialization of Psychology.
•To differentiate the methods used in
psychological research
Objectives

3. Traversing the roadmap…
•Beginning of Psychology
•Psychology in the Philippines
•Perspective / Approaches in Psychology
•Specializationsin Psychology
•Methods used in Psycological Research/

4. Misconceptions About Psychology
•Psychology is mysterious.

5. Misconceptions About Psychology
•Psychology is common sense.

6. Misconceptions About Psychology
•Psychology is parascience.

7. What is Psychology?
•Is the scientific study of human behavior
and mental processes.
What do we mean by behavior?

8. Character
•Moral nature

9. Personality
•Aspects:
•Physical
•Mental
•Social
•Emotional
•Moral
•Spiritual
- The sum total characteristics / qualities of an individual.

10. Trait
•Specific feature, quality or character.

11. Attitude
•The way we respond to any given
situation.

12. Behavior
•All activities which can be observed
objectively
Refers to all acts or activities of individual.

13. 2 Types of Behavior
•Extrinsic / overt behavior – behavior which
can be observed by other people.
Ex.
Intrinsic / covert behavior – behavior which
can be observed by the person who
experience it.
Ex.

14. Goals of Psychology
•To describe (what is happening)
•To explain and understand (why is it happening)
•To predict (When will it happen again) and
•To control behavior (how can it be changed)
•Sociocultural / sociological
•Biopsychological / biological
•Intrapsychic / psychological

15. What is etymological definition of
Psychology?
Derived from the two Greek words
Psyche and logos
Psyche – mind or soul.
Logos – study
The study of mind or soul

16. History of Psychology
•Demonology – the idea that abnormal
behavior is caused by supernatural forces,
evil spirit and witchcraft.

17. Methods
•Trephining – an operation where stone
instrument were used to chip a hole in the
circular portion of the skull to allow the evil
spirit to escape.

18. Methods
•Exorcism – involved prayer, noise making,
beating and others.

19. Methods
•Tortured or hung

20. By 15
th
- 16
th
century
•Hospital called asylum

21. 1792 – Philippe Pinel
•Sick mind must be treated humanely

22. National Center for Mental Health

23. Psychology : It’s Beginning
“ An Unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates
Who is the father of traditional Psychology?
-Aristotle
-He wrote the book De Anima
which talks about the mind body
relationship.

24. Nature Vs. Nurture
•Nativist view /
Nativism
•Introduced by Rene
Descartes and Plato
•Innate Ideas already
exist at birth
•Innate ( inborn)
•Man is born with all
necessary potential to
become functional
and complete
•Empiricist view /
Empiricism
•John Locke / George
Berkeley and David
Hume
•Ideas are acquired
through sensory
experiences and
interaction with the
environment.
•Environmental
•Tabula rasa – blank slate

25. Innate or Environmental?

26. Pioneer Psychologists
•Who is the father of modern Psychology?
•Established the first psychological
laboratory in Leipzig Germany in 1879.
•Wilhelm Wundt
1832 - 1920

27. Granville Stanley Hall
•The person who established the
psychological laboratory in the US
specifically at John Hopkin University.

28. Fr. Angel de Blas
•In 1938, he established the first
experimental psychological laboratory in
the Philippines specifically at UST.

29. James Mackeen Cattel
•He developed a standardized test called
16 Personality Factor.

30. Sir Francis Galton
•He established the Psychological
laboratory in London, became interested in
studying individual differences.

31. •San Carlos University
- Cebu
•UST - Manila
Psychology in the Philippines - In 17
th

century Psychology was taught in:

32. •Virgilio Enriquez
Father of Filipino Psychologist

33. School Of Thought
•Structuralism
-Deals with the study of elements that form
the structure of the mind.
-They try to break down conscious
experience into basic elements.
-Method used is introspection- self
analysis of the conscious mental
experience.

34. School Of Thought
•Functionalism
-Emphasized that psychology must deal
with the function of consciousness rather
than with structure or content.

35. School Of Thought
•Gestalt
-Pattern of configuration / good form good
figure.
-“ The whole is greater than the sum of its
part”.

36. School Of Thought
•Psychoanalysis
-Behavior is established by unconscious mind.
-Sex instinct
-Early life experience is related to present
character or personality.
-Mannerism is manifestation of undesirable
experience.
-Used different techniques like hypnosis, dream
analysis, free association and transference.

37. School Of Thought
•Behaviorism
-Behavior is the result of learning, not
instinct.
-Studies psychology based on overt
behavior.

38. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
1. Neurobiological perspective
- Explains that the nervous system and
endocrine system have much impact
to behavior.

39. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
2. Behavioral perspective
-Adheres to the belief that psychology
should focus on overt observable
behavior and its relationship to an
event that can be predicted and
measured objectively.
-S R

40. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
3. Cognitive Perspective
S O R
Focus on mental processing of information.

41. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
4. Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychological struggles deeply – seated in
the unconscious mind.
3 Structures of Personality
Id - (child state)
Ego - (adult state)
Superego - (parent state)

42. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
5. Phenomenological / Humanistic
Perspective
Elevates the status of man from animals.
The central concept is freewill.

43. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
6. Socio cultural Perspective
Combination of:
Social Psychology
Cultural Psychology

44. Perspective / Approaches in
Psychology
7. Evolutionary Perspective
Behavior is geared toward survival of the
species.

45. Specializations in Psychology
•Biopsychology
•Clinical
•Cognitive
•Community
•Comparative
•Consumer
•Counseling
•Cultural

46. Specializations in Psychology
•Developmental
•Educational
•Engineering
•Environmental
•Forensic
•Gender
•Health

47. Specializations in Psychology
•Industrial - Organizational
•Learning
•Medical
•Paranormal
•Personality
•School
•Sensation and Perception
•Social

48. Methods Used in Psychological
Research
•Naturalistic Observation
Advantage / Disadvantage
•Survey Questionnaire
Advantage / Disadvantage
•Case Study
Advantage / Disadvantage

49. Methods Used in Psychological
Research
•Phenomenological
•Archival Research
•Experimental Method
•Correlational Method