Chapter-1-Understanding Disasters.pptx

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1. UNDERSTANDING DISASTERS 9/29/2020 1 Module-1

2. CONTENTS Concepts and definitions Hazard E xposure Vulnerability Risk Capacity Disaster Disaster Types Geological Disasters Hydro-Meteorological Disasters Biological Disasters Technological Disasters Man-made Disasters Global Disaster Trends Causes of Disasters Consequences and Control of Disasters. 9/29/2020 2

3. DEFINITIONS 9/29/2020 3

4. HAZARD It is a dangerous phenomenon , substance , human activity or c ondition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental damage . It could be natural or human-induced . 9/29/2020 4 EXPOSURE The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard prone areas.

5. VULNERABILITY 9/29/2020 4 The conditions determined by physical, social, economical and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or system to the impacts of hazards. RISK It is the combination of probability of an event to happen and its negative consequences. Risk Triangle

6. CAPACITY 9/29/2020 6 The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within an organization, community or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience. DISASTER A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT STAGES: 9/29/2020 7 DISASTER MANAGEMENT The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters.

8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAZARD AND DISASTER 9/29/2020 8 Hazard is a natural event, while disaster is its consequences. A hazard threatens life and property, whereas disaster is realization of hazard. When hazard involves elements of risks, vulnerability and capacity, they can turn into disasters. Example- We are standing in dessert and in highly populated city area during earthquake.

9. THE SEVERITY OF A HAZARD IS MEASURED BY: 9/29/2020 9 Duration: Magnitude :  Predictability :  Regularity :  Frequency :  Speed of onset:

10. Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors. VULNERABILITY 9/29/2020 10

11. According to UNESCO/UNDRO (1982) : Vulnerability (V) is the degree of loss to a given element or set of elements at risk resulting from the occurrence of a hazardous phenomenon of a given magnitude. It is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total loss). 9/29/2020 11

12. The propensity of things to be damaged by a hazard. Vulnerability = = Exposure + + Resistance + + Resilience 9/29/2020 12

13. The people of the southern part of Bangladesh are more vulnerable to cyclone because of- -High Exposure of Cyclone -Low Resistance (lack of proper management) -Low Resilience (Economic limitation) 9/29/2020 13

14. TYPES OF VULNERABILITY 9/29/2020 14

15. THERE ARE FOUR (4) MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY : 1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY: P hysical impact on the environment – which can be expressed as elements-at-risk ( EaR ). The degree of loss to a given EaR or set of EaR resulting from the occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total damage)”. 9/29/2020 15

16. 2. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY: the potential impacts of hazards on economic assets and processes (i.e. business interruption, secondary effects such as increased poverty and job loss) . The poor are usually more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect themselves from being negatively impacted by disasters. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY: It refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values. It includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education, the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity, positive traditional values, customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational systems (UNISDR). Example- When flooding occurs some citizens, such as children, elderly and differently-able, may be unable to protect themselves or evacuate if necessary. 9/29/2020 16

17. Environmental Vulnerability: Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of environmental vulnerability. Example: Wetlands, such as the Caroni Swamp, are sensitive to increasing salinity from sea water, and pollution from storm water runoff containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc. 9/29/2020 17

18. RISK 9/29/2020 18 The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area. Risk is a function of threats exploiting vulnerabilities to obtain , damage or destroy assets. Thus, threats (actual, conceptual, or inherent) may exist, but if there are no vulnerabilities then there is little/no risk.

19. It is the combination of all strengths and resources available within the community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster. CAPACITY 9/29/2020 19

20. “The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters“ The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management , both in normal times as well as during crises or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks (UN-ISDR, 2009). 9/29/2020 20

21. Disaster occurs when hazards meet vulnerability 9/29/2020 21 Limited Access to - Power Structure Resources Ideologies- Political - system Economic - system Lack of – Local institutes Training Appropriate skills Local investment Local market Media freedom Ethical standards in public life Macro forces- Rapid population growth Rapid urbanization Arms expenditure Debt repayments Deforestation Decline in soil productivity Fragile physical environment Dangerous locations Unprotected buildings & infrastructure Fragile local -economy Livelihoods at risk Low income levels Vulnerable society Special groups at risk Public actions Lack of preparedness Endemic disease Earthquake High winds Hurricane Cyclone Typhoon Flood Volcanic - eruptions Landslides Drought Virus Bacteria Pests Fire Chemicals Radiation Armed - conflicts Hazards D I S A S T E R Risk = Hazard + vulnerability NOT PREVENTED

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23. Natural Disasters 9/29/2020 23

24. Man made Disasters 9/29/2020 24

25. DISASTER TYPES 9/29/2020 25

26. 9/29/2020 26 GEOLOGICAL DISASTER A natural disaster due to geological disturbances, often caused by shifts in tectonic plates and seismic activity. Examples of Geological Disaster Earthquakes Landslides Tsunami Volcanoes etc.

27. EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes are one of the most destructive of natural hazards . An earthquake is the movement or trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust. The sudden release of accumulated energy or stresses in the earth or sudden movement of massive land areas on the earth’s surface cause tremors, commonly called earthquakes. 9/29/2020 27

28. 9/29/2020 28 Terms of earthquake FOCUS(HYPOCENTER): Focus is the point on the fault where rupture occurs and the location from which seismic waves are released. EPICENTER: Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus ,the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. Inside the Earth How Earthquake Occurs Formation of Continents

29. Large strain energy released during an earthquake travel as seismic waves in all directions through the Earth's layers, reflecting and refracting at each interface. 9/29/2020 29 Body Waves Surface Waves

30. 9/29/2020 30 Primary Waves (P-waves) Secondary Waves(S-wave) High frequency High frequency Short Wavelength Short Wavelength Longitudinal waves Transverse waves Pass trough both solids and liquids Can not move through liquids Move forwards and backwards as it compressed and decompressed Move in all direction from their source P-wave is faster S-wave is more slower than P-wave First P-wave arrive After P-wave S-wave is arrive

31. P and S wave Rayleigh wave Love wave 9/29/2020 31

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33. TYPES OF ZONES: Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone. Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone. Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone. Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone. 9/29/2020 33 The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones Based on the observations of the affected area due to Earthquake I ndia divided into four types of zones:

34. SEISMOGRAPH 9/29/2020 34 A seismograph is a device for measuring the movement of the earth, and consists of a ground motion detection sensor, called a seismometer, coupled with a recording system . There are two types of seismograph: Horizontal Vertical

35. How seismograph works Horizontal Seismograph Vertical Seismograph Seismograph project 9/29/2020 35

36. Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the specification of the time , location , and magnitude of a future earthquake within stated limits. But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following: Unusual animal behavior Water level in wells Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake Temperature change Uplifting of earth surface 9/29/2020 36 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION:

37. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE 9/29/2020 37 Loss of life and property Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways, airports, marine Damage to infrastructure. Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams Chances of fire short-circuit. Communications such as telephone wires are damaged. Water pipes, sewers are disrupted Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are severely affected. Effect of Earthquake

38. 9/29/2020 38 Mexico Earthquake Kobe Earthquake Nepal Earthquake

39. IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKE 9/29/2020 39 Shaking of the ground and surface rupture: This is the main cause of destruction in which buildings, bridges, roads, canals and other structures are damaged. Liquefaction: Earthquakes make sands and silts to transform from a solid to liquid state. This also results in building collapse. Landslides: Earthquakes of high intensity often trigger many landslides in the hilly regions. Fires: It is a major hazard associated with earthquakes. The shakings of the ground and building damage often break the gas pipes and electric lines that cause fires. Changes in the land elevation: The surface topography of a region and groundwater conditions are altered after an earthquake.

40. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKES 9/29/2020 40 A typical DM plan will include aspects of earthquake management like identification of all tasks to be undertaken before, during and after an earthquake; The plans will spell out the strategies for addressing the various tasks relating to earthquake preparedness and awareness creation, capacity development, monitoring and enforcement of earthquake-resistant codes and building byelaws. They will also include emergency response, earthquake-resistant design and construction of new structures, and selective seismic strengthening and retrofitting of priority and lifeline structures in earthquake-prone areas. Earthquake disaster preparedness and risk reduction

41. LANDSLIDES 9/29/2020 41 Landslides are simply defined as rapid down slope movement of rock, debris and/or earth under the influence of gravity.

42. 9/29/2020 42 HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS? THE ROLE OF GRAVITY : Landslides move down a slope because the force of gravity—which acts to move material downhill—is usually counteracted by two things: (1) the internal strength of the material, and (2) the friction of the material on the slope . A landslide occurs because the force of gravity becomes greater than either friction or the internal strength of the rock, soil, or sediment.

43. 9/29/2020 43 HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS? THE ROLE OF WATER : Water adds significant weight to the slope as it seeps into the ground, becoming groundwater, and adding to the gravitational force. Water also lowers the strength of the material which can make it less able to withstand the force of gravity. Water also reduces friction.

44. 9/29/2020 44 HOW LANDSLIDES OCCURS? THE ROLE OF FRICTION : The amount of friction between a deposit of rock or soil and the slope that it rests on plays a large role in when landslides happen.

45. CLASSIFICATION WITH RESPECT TO DEPTH OF SLIDE 9/29/2020 45 NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES:   HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES: Earthquake Heavy Rainfall Clear Cutting Mining CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES   Type Maximum depth (m) Surface slide < 1.5 Shallow slide 1.5 – 5 Deep slide 5 – 20 Very deep slide > 20

46. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES 9/29/2020 46

47. Rotational and Translational landslide 9/29/2020 47

48. Block slide & Rockfall 9/29/2020 48

49. Topple & Debris flow 9/29/2020 49

50. Debris Avalanch & Earth flow 9/29/2020 50

51. Creep 9/29/2020 51

52. Lateral spread 9/29/2020 52

53. Slump 9/29/2020 53

54. Factors that control slope stability 9/29/2020 54

55. Factors that control slope stability 9/29/2020 55

56. Factors that control slope stability 9/29/2020 56

57. Factors that control slope stability 9/29/2020 57

58. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES Geological Weak material Erosion Intense rainfall Human Excavation Earthquake shaking Volcanic eruption 9/29/2020 58

59. Causes of Landsliding Geologists use a variety of classification schemes to describe causes of landslides. Because of wide variety of causes, no single scheme has yet been developed that address or describe all types of landslides. 9/29/2020 59

60. External Geometrical change 1. Gradient 2. Height 3. Slope length Unloading 1. Natural 2. Human-induced Loading 1. Natural 2. Human-induced Shocks and Vibrations 1. Single 2. Multiple/continuous 9/29/2020 60

61. Internal Progressive failure (internal response to unloading, etc.) 1. Expansion, swelling 2. Fissuring 3. Strain softening 4. Stress concentration Weathering 1. Physical property changes, swelling 2. Chemical changes Seepage Erosion 1. Removal of cements 2. Removal of fines Water System Change 1. Saturation 2. Rise in water table 3. Excess pressures 4. Draw down Source: The Royal Academy of Engineering. 1995. Landslides Hazard Mitigation . Westminster, London: The Royal Academy of Engineering. 9/29/2020 61

62. Human causes a. Excavation of slope or its toe b. Loading of slope or its crest c. Drawdown (of reservoirs) d. Deforestation e. Irrigation f. Mining g. Artificial vibration h. Water leakage from utilities 9/29/2020 62

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65. Major Landslides of India 9/29/2020 65

66. Major Landslides of India 9/29/2020 66

67. Major Landslides of India 9/29/2020 67

68. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Hazard mapping Land use Retaining Walls Surface Drainage Control Works Engineered structures Increasing vegetation cover Insurance 9/29/2020 68

69. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Hazard mapping will locate areas prone to slope failures. This will permit to identify avoidance of areas for building settlements. These maps will serve as a tool for mitigation planning. 9/29/2020 69

70. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Land use practices such as: Areas covered by degraded natural vegetation in upper slopes are to be afforested with suitable species. Existing patches of natural vegetation (forest and natural grass land) in good condition, should be preserved Any developmental activity initiated in the area should be taken up only after a detailed study of the region and slope protection should be carried out if necessary. In construction of roads, irrigation canals etc. proper care is to be taken to avoid blockage of natural drainage Total avoidance of settlement in the risk zone should be made mandatory. Relocate settlements and infrastructure that fall in the possible path of the landslide No construction of buildings in areas beyond a certain degree of slope. 9/29/2020 70

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72. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Retaining Walls can be built to stop land from slipping (these walls are commonly seen along roads in hill stations). It’s constructed to prevent smaller sized and secondary landslides that often occur along the toe portion of the larger landslides. 9/29/2020 72

73. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Surface Drainage Control Works . The surface drainage control works are implemented to control the movement of landslides accompanied by infiltration of rain water and spring flows. 9/29/2020 73

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75. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Engineered structures with strong foundations can withstand or take the ground movement forces. Underground installations (pipes, cables, etc.) should be made flexible to move in order to withstand forces caused by the landslide 9/29/2020 75

76. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Increasing vegetation cover is the cheapest and most effective way of arresting landslides. This helps to bind the top layer of the soil with layers below, while preventing excessive run-off and soil erosion. 9/29/2020 76

77. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES Insurance will assist individuals whose homes are likely to be damaged by landslides or by any other natural hazards. For new constructions it should include standards for selection of the site as well as construction technique. 9/29/2020 77

78. Flattening of the slope Slope at the point of failure may be stabilized by grading the slope to a flatter angle on the basis of proper geotechnical investigation Done either by regarding the slope from bottom to the top with benching, wherever necessary or cut in upper hills. 9/29/2020 78

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80. Stitching of the debris cover to the rock Movement of surface soil can be controlled by stitching the debris to the base rock with help of micro-piles (e.g. timber piles) 9/29/2020 80

81. Retaining walls Built at the bottom of the slope but the base of the wall should be properly anchored into the rock. Big landslides cannot be controlled by retaining walls 9/29/2020 81

82. Grouting Effective method of improving the shear strength and decreasing the permeability of coarse-grained soil. Suitable for filling voids in the rock mass. Cement grouts are injected under pressure to close the voids in the rock 9/29/2020 82

83. Geotextiles Geotextiles wrapped filler drains are inserted into the slope extending beyond the estimated slip surface. They are connected to a crib wall at the base which is made of crushed rock to provide drainage of water from the transverse drain. 9/29/2020 83

84. Rockfall Protection 9/29/2020 84 In many areas rock faces are ‘stitched’ with massive steel bolts to try to keep material from being lost to active weathering. Alternately, surfaces can be covered with strong mesh or boulder catching nets can be used.

85. Mudflow Barriers These kinds of barriers are designed to catch most sediment, but are not capable of stopping very large and very fast moving debris. 9/29/2020 85

86. Debris Basins 9/29/2020 86 These require periodic (regular) removal of trapped material.

87. The hazard from landslides can be reduced by avoiding construction on steep slopes and existing landslides, or by stabilizing the slopes. 9/29/2020 87

88. Stability increases when ground water is prevented from rising in the landslide mass by (1) covering the landslide with an impermeable Membrane (2) directing surface water away from the landslide (3) draining ground water away from the landslide (4) Minimizing surface irrigation. Slope stability is also increased when a retaining structure and/or the weight of a soil/rock berm are placed at the toe of the landslide or when mass is removed from the top of the slope. 9/29/2020 88

89. TSUNAMI 9/29/2020 89 Tsunamis and earthquakes happen after centuries of energy build up within the earth. It is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean. A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance (like landslides, volcanic eruptions, and cosmic collisions) that displaces a large water mass from its equilibrium position. Tsunami

90. 9/29/2020 90 EFFECT OF TSUNAMI Destruction Death Disease Environmental impacts Cost Psychological effects

91. 9/29/2020 91 STEPS TO REDUCE TSUNAMI RISK Avoid Inundation Areas   Slow Water   Steering   Blocking

92. VOLCANOES 9/29/2020 92 A volcano is a vent or chimney which transfers molten rock known as magma from depth to the Earth's surface . Magma erupting from a volcano is called lava and is the material which builds up the cone surrounding the vent. A volcano is active if it is erupting lava, releasing gas or generates seismic activity. A volcano is dormant if it has not erupted for a long time, but could erupt again in the future. Volcano Hawaii’s Volcano

93. 9/29/2020 93 SHIELD VOLCANO: When magma is very hot and runny, gases can escape and eruptions are gentle with considerable amounts of magma reaching the surface to form lava flows . Shield volcanoes have a broad, flattened dome-like shape created by layers of runny lava flowing over its surface and cooling. Because the lava flows easily, it can move down gradual slopes over great distances from the volcanic vents. The lava flows are sufficiently slow for humans to outrun or out walk them. This type of magma has a temperature between 800°C and 1200°C and is called basaltic magma. Shield Volcano THREE COMMON TYPES OF VOLCANOES

94. 9/29/2020 94 COMPOSITE VOLCANO: (strato) T hese volcanoes are characterised by an explosive eruption style. When magma is slightly cooler it is thick and sticky, or viscous, which makes it harder for gas bubbles to expand and escape. The resulting pressure causes the magma to foam and explode violently, blasting it into tiny pieces known as volcanic ash. These eruptions create steep sided cones. They can also create lava flows, hot ash clouds called pyroclastic flows and dangerous mudflows called lahars. This type of magma has a temperature between 800°C and 1000°C and is called andesitic magma. Composite Volcano

95. 9/29/2020 95 CALDERA VOLCANO: These erupt so explosively that little material builds up near the vent. Eruptions partly or entirely empty the underlying magma chamber which leaves the region around the vent unsupported, causing it to sink or collapse under its own weight. The resulting basin-shaped depression is roughly circular and is usually several kilometres or more in diameter. The lava erupted from caldera volcanoes is very viscous and generally the coolest with temperatures ranging from 650°C to 800°C and is called rhyolite magma. Although caldera volcanoes are rare, they are the most dangerous. Volcanic hazards from this type of eruption include widespread ash fall, large pyroclastic surges and tsunami from caldera collapse into oceans.

96. 9/29/2020 96 FEATURES OF VOLCANOES Volcanoes occur when material significantly warmer than its surroundings is erupted onto the surface of a planet or moon from its interior. On Earth, the erupted material can be liquid rock, ash, cinders, and/or gas. There are three reasons why magma might rise and cause eruptions onto Earth’s surface. T ectonic plates slowly move away from each other. The magma rises up to fill in the space. When this happens underwater volcanoes can form. T ectonic plates move toward each other. When this happens, part of Earth's crust can be forced deep into its interior. The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and rise as magma. A final way that magma rises is over hot spots. Hot spots are exactly what they sound like-hot areas inside of Earth. These areas heat up magma. The magma becomes less dense. When it is less dense it rises. Cross-section of Volcano Volcanoes on Earth form from rising magma. Magma rises in three different ways .

97. 9/29/2020 97 EFFECT OF VOLCANOES Effects Of Super volcanoes Effects On The Environment Effects On Cities And Towns Problems To Aircraft An Explosive Eruption

98. 9/29/2020 98 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS Examples of Hydro- Meteorological Disaster Flood Cyclone Lightening Cold and heat wave Thunderstorm Hailstorm Avalanches Droughts

99. 9/29/2020 99 FLOOD Floods are among the most frequent and costly natural disasters. Conditions that cause floods include heavy or steady rain for several hours or days that saturates the ground.

100. 9/29/2020 100 CAUSES OF FLOOD Intense rainfall when the river is flowing full. Excessive rainfall in river catchments or concentration of runoff from the tributaries and river carrying flows in excess of their capacities. Synchronization of flood peaks in the main rivers or their tributaries. Landslides leading to obstruction of flow and change in the river course. Poor natural drainage system. Backing water in tributaries at their confluence with the main river.

101. 9/29/2020 101 FLOOD PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION Regulation and Enforcement Capacity Development Flood Response Structural Measures Embankments Dams , Reservoirs and other Water Storage Mechanism Channel Improvements De-silting and Dredging of Rivers Drainage Improvement Diversion of Flood Water Catchments Area Treatment Sea Walls/Coastal Protection Works Non-Structural Measures Flood Plain Zoning Flood Forecasting and Warning Flood Proofing

102. 9/29/2020 102 CYCLONE A cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong centre of low atmospheric pressure. Cyclones are characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure . A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.

103. 9/29/2020 103 DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY CYCLONES Strong Winds Torrential rains and inland flooding Storm Surge RISK REDUCTION FACTORS FOR CYCLONES Tropical cyclone warnings Prediction of Severe Weather and Storm Surges Tracking of tropical cyclones Cyclone Forecasting and Emergency Management Networks Real time Data Reception, Processing and Assimilation Capabilities Parametric Wind Field and Cyclone Risk Models Structural Mitigation Measures

104. 9/29/2020 104 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS   Biological disasters define the devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism – that may the spread a disease, virus, or an epidemic. Biological disasters can also be simply, a sudden growth in the population of a certain kind of plants or animals, e.g., a locust plague . BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Biological agents are living organisms or their toxic products that can kill or incapacitate people, livestock, and plants. Example: Bacteria, Viruses and Toxins. BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM Bio-terrorism can be defined as the use of biological agents to cause death, disability or damage mainly to human beings. Example: Japan used plague bacilli in China during 1932-1945 causes 2,60,000 deaths.

105. 9/29/2020 105 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURE The general population should be educated and made aware of the threats and risks associated with it. Only cooked food and boiled/chlorinated/filtered water should be consumed. Insects and rodents control measure must be initiated immediately. An early accurate diagnosis is the key to manage casualties of biological warfare. Mass immunization programme in the suspected area has been more vigorously followed up. Bird Flu Plague Swine Flu Ebola

106. 9/29/2020 106 A  technological disaster  is an event caused by some human error in controlling or handling the  technology .  This Disasters caused by technology which involve the failure or breakdown of systems, equipment and engineering standards that harms people and the environment. The term itself includes a wide range of modern issues and consequences of technology mismanagement and engineering mistakes. Technology disasters include structural collapses, such as bridges, mines and buildings, but also industrial accidents, such as chemical or nuclear explosions. TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS

107. 9/29/2020 107 VIDEOS

108. 9/29/2020 108 MAN-MADE DISASTERS