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Slide Content
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
1
Chapter 17-Confined SpaceChapter 17-Confined Space
1
Chapter 17-Confined SpaceChapter 17-Confined Space
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
2
1926.21(b)(6)(i)1926.21(b)(6)(i)
All employees required to enter into
confined or enclosed spaces shall
be:
•Instructed as to the nature of the
• hazards.
•The necessary precautions to be
taken.
•In the use of protective and
emergency equipment required.
2
1926.21(b)(6)(i)1926.21(b)(6)(i)
All employees required to enter into
confined or enclosed spaces shall
be:
•Instructed as to the nature of the
• hazards.
•The necessary precautions to be
taken.
•In the use of protective and
emergency equipment required.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
3
1926.21(b)(6)(ii)1926.21(b)(6)(ii)
“Confined or enclosed space” means any
space having a limited means of egress, which
is subject to the accumulation of toxic or
flammable contaminants or has an oxygen
deficient atmosphere.
3
1926.21(b)(6)(ii)1926.21(b)(6)(ii)
“Confined or enclosed space” means any
space having a limited means of egress, which
is subject to the accumulation of toxic or
flammable contaminants or has an oxygen
deficient atmosphere.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
4
1926.21(b)(6)(ii)1926.21(b)(6)(ii)
Confined or enclosed spaces include, but
are not limited to, storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or
exhaust ducts, sewers, underground
utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open
top spaces more than 4 feet in depth such
as pits, tubs, vaults, and vessels.
4
1926.21(b)(6)(ii)1926.21(b)(6)(ii)
Confined or enclosed spaces include, but
are not limited to, storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or
exhaust ducts, sewers, underground
utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open
top spaces more than 4 feet in depth such
as pits, tubs, vaults, and vessels.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
5
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
Either general mechanical
or local exhaust ventilation
meeting the requirements
of paragraph (a) of this
section shall be provided.
Whenever welding, cutting, or
heating is performed in a confined space.
5
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
Either general mechanical
or local exhaust ventilation
meeting the requirements
of paragraph (a) of this
section shall be provided.
Whenever welding, cutting, or
heating is performed in a confined space.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
6
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
• An employee on the outside of such a confined
space assigned to maintain communication with
those working within it and to aid them in an
emergency.
• When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained
without blocking the means of access,
employees in the confined space shall be
protected by air line respirators.
6
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
• An employee on the outside of such a confined
space assigned to maintain communication with
those working within it and to aid them in an
emergency.
• When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained
without blocking the means of access,
employees in the confined space shall be
protected by air line respirators.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
7
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
“Lifelines.” Where a welder
must enter a confined space
through a manhole or other
small opening, means shall be
provided for quickly removing
him in case of emergency.
7
1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, Cutting, and
Heating in Confined SpacesHeating in Confined Spaces
“Lifelines.” Where a welder
must enter a confined space
through a manhole or other
small opening, means shall be
provided for quickly removing
him in case of emergency.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
8
1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and
heating in confined spacesheating in confined spaces
• When safety belts and lifelines are
used for this purpose they shall be so
attached to the welder's body that his
body cannot be jammed in a small
exit opening.
• An attendant with a pre-planned
rescue procedure shall be stationed
outside to observe the welder at all
times and be capable of putting
rescue operations into effect.
8
1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and 1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and
heating in confined spacesheating in confined spaces
• When safety belts and lifelines are
used for this purpose they shall be so
attached to the welder's body that his
body cannot be jammed in a small
exit opening.
• An attendant with a pre-planned
rescue procedure shall be stationed
outside to observe the welder at all
times and be capable of putting
rescue operations into effect.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
9
1926.651(g)(1)1926.651(g)(1)
Where oxygen deficiency (atmospheres containing
less than 19.5 percent oxygen) or a hazardous
atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected to
exist, such as in excavations in landfill areas or
excavations in areas where hazardous substances are
stored nearby, the atmospheres in the excavation
shall be tested before employees enter excavations
greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) in depth.
9
1926.651(g)(1)1926.651(g)(1)
Where oxygen deficiency (atmospheres containing
less than 19.5 percent oxygen) or a hazardous
atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected to
exist, such as in excavations in landfill areas or
excavations in areas where hazardous substances are
stored nearby, the atmospheres in the excavation
shall be tested before employees enter excavations
greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) in depth.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
10
BackgroundBackground
• Many workplaces contain spaces which are
“Confined”.
• Their configurations hinder the activities of any
employees who enter, work in, and exit them.
• Employees who work in process vessels must
squeeze in and out through narrow openings or
perform their tasks while cramped or contorted.
10
BackgroundBackground
• Many workplaces contain spaces which are
“Confined”.
• Their configurations hinder the activities of any
employees who enter, work in, and exit them.
• Employees who work in process vessels must
squeeze in and out through narrow openings or
perform their tasks while cramped or contorted.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
11
OSHA PerspectiveOSHA Perspective
• In some cases, confinement itself poses
entrapment hazards.
• In other cases, confined space work keeps
employees closer to hazards, such as
asphyxiating atmospheres or the moving
parts of machinery.
11
OSHA PerspectiveOSHA Perspective
• In some cases, confinement itself poses
entrapment hazards.
• In other cases, confined space work keeps
employees closer to hazards, such as
asphyxiating atmospheres or the moving
parts of machinery.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
12
NIOSH DefinitionNIOSH Definition
Any space which, by design, has:
•Limited openings for entry and
exit;
• Unfavorable natural
ventilation which could
contain or produce dangerous air
contaminants, and;
•Which is not intended for
continuous employee occupancy.
12
NIOSH DefinitionNIOSH Definition
Any space which, by design, has:
•Limited openings for entry and
exit;
• Unfavorable natural
ventilation which could
contain or produce dangerous air
contaminants, and;
•Which is not intended for
continuous employee occupancy.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
13
StatisticsStatistics
NIOSH report 1993 – 1996:
• 276 Confined Space incidents.
• Resulted in 234 deaths.
• 193 injuries.
• Up to half of those killed in
confined spaces were
rescuers.
13
StatisticsStatistics
NIOSH report 1993 – 1996:
• 276 Confined Space incidents.
• Resulted in 234 deaths.
• 193 injuries.
• Up to half of those killed in
confined spaces were
rescuers.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
14
OverviewOverview
Failure to recognize
confined space
hazards is high on
the list of accident
causes.
14
OverviewOverview
Failure to recognize
confined space
hazards is high on
the list of accident
causes.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
15
OverviewOverview
First Priority -Define the hazards of the space:
•Restricted areas within the confined space.
•Voids.
•The nature of the contaminants present.
•The size of the space.
•The type of work to be performed.
•The number of people involved.
15
OverviewOverview
First Priority -Define the hazards of the space:
•Restricted areas within the confined space.
•Voids.
•The nature of the contaminants present.
•The size of the space.
•The type of work to be performed.
•The number of people involved.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
16
Ventilation ConsiderationsVentilation Considerations
The ventilation air should not create an
additional hazard such as:
•Recirculation of contaminants.
•Improper arrangement of the inlet duct.
•The substitution of anything other than fresh
(normal) air (approximately 20.9% oxygen,
78.1% nitrogen, and 1% argon with small
amounts of various other gases).
16
Ventilation ConsiderationsVentilation Considerations
The ventilation air should not create an
additional hazard such as:
•Recirculation of contaminants.
•Improper arrangement of the inlet duct.
•The substitution of anything other than fresh
(normal) air (approximately 20.9% oxygen,
78.1% nitrogen, and 1% argon with small
amounts of various other gases).
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
17
Categories of Confined SpacesCategories of Confined Spaces
1.Open tops and
with a depth that
will restrict the
natural movement
of air.
2. Enclosed spaces
with very limited
openings for entry.
17
Categories of Confined SpacesCategories of Confined Spaces
1.Open tops and
with a depth that
will restrict the
natural movement
of air.
2. Enclosed spaces
with very limited
openings for entry.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
18
Property of Gases-Open Top Property of Gases-Open Top
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
• Gases that are heavier than air (butane,
propane, and other hydrocarbons)
remain in depressions and will flow to
low points where they are difficult to
remove.
• Water tanks that appear harmless may
develop toxic atmospheres such as
hydrogen sulfide from the vaporization of
contaminated water.
18
Property of Gases-Open Top Property of Gases-Open Top
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
• Gases that are heavier than air (butane,
propane, and other hydrocarbons)
remain in depressions and will flow to
low points where they are difficult to
remove.
• Water tanks that appear harmless may
develop toxic atmospheres such as
hydrogen sulfide from the vaporization of
contaminated water.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
19
Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
Gases which are heavier than air such as
carbon dioxide and propane, may lie in a
tank or vault for hours or even days after the
containers have been opened.
19
Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
Gases which are heavier than air such as
carbon dioxide and propane, may lie in a
tank or vault for hours or even days after the
containers have been opened.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
20
Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
• Because some gases are odorless, the
hazard may be overlooked with fatal results.
• Gases that are lighter then air may also be
trapped within an enclosed type confined
space, especially those with access from
the bottom or side.
20
Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel Properties of Gases-Closed Vessel
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
• Because some gases are odorless, the
hazard may be overlooked with fatal results.
• Gases that are lighter then air may also be
trapped within an enclosed type confined
space, especially those with access from
the bottom or side.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
21
Confined Space Hazards-Controlling Confined Space Hazards-Controlling
FactorsFactors
•
The material stored or used in the confined
space.
• The activity carried out.
• The external environment.
21
Confined Space Hazards-Controlling Confined Space Hazards-Controlling
FactorsFactors
•
The material stored or used in the confined
space.
• The activity carried out.
• The external environment.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
22
Combination HazardsCombination Hazards
• The most hazardous kind of confined
space is the type that combines limited
access and mechanical devices.
• Boilers usually contain power-driven
equipment which, unless properly
isolated, may be inadvertently activated
after entry.
22
Combination HazardsCombination Hazards
• The most hazardous kind of confined
space is the type that combines limited
access and mechanical devices.
• Boilers usually contain power-driven
equipment which, unless properly
isolated, may be inadvertently activated
after entry.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
23
Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
• Enriched oxygen atmospheres.
• Vaporization of flammable
liquids.
• Byproducts of work.
• Chemical reactions.
• Concentrations of combustible
dusts.
23
Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
• Enriched oxygen atmospheres.
• Vaporization of flammable
liquids.
• Byproducts of work.
• Chemical reactions.
• Concentrations of combustible
dusts.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
24
Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
The byproducts of a
work procedures
can generate
flammable or
explosive conditions
within a confined
space.
24
Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres
The byproducts of a
work procedures
can generate
flammable or
explosive conditions
within a confined
space.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
25
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
Significant Levels:
•Fatal at 1000 ppm in air.
•Dangerous at 200 ppm.
25
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
Significant Levels:
•Fatal at 1000 ppm in air.
•Dangerous at 200 ppm.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
26
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
•Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas.
•Heavier than air.
•Common in solid and compressed liquid forms.
•Carbonation.
•Inerting.
•Organic decay (grain elevators, sewers, storage
bins, wells).
•Fermentation (digestors, molasses pits, beer and
wine vats).
26
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
•Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas.
•Heavier than air.
•Common in solid and compressed liquid forms.
•Carbonation.
•Inerting.
•Organic decay (grain elevators, sewers, storage
bins, wells).
•Fermentation (digestors, molasses pits, beer and
wine vats).
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
27
CO2 (Cont.)CO2 (Cont.)
• PEL = 5,000 ppm - TWA (Table Z-1)
• TLV/REL = 5,000 ppm - TWA;
30,000 ppm - STEL
• IDLH = 50,000 ppm
• LEL = none
27
CO2 (Cont.)CO2 (Cont.)
• PEL = 5,000 ppm - TWA (Table Z-1)
• TLV/REL = 5,000 ppm - TWA;
30,000 ppm - STEL
• IDLH = 50,000 ppm
• LEL = none
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
28
Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Colorless, odorless gas.
• Slightly lighter than air.
• Chemical asphyxiant.
• Primary source: incomplete
combustion of organic material.
• Gasoline-fueled combustion
engines.
28
Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Colorless, odorless gas.
• Slightly lighter than air.
• Chemical asphyxiant.
• Primary source: incomplete
combustion of organic material.
• Gasoline-fueled combustion
engines.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
29
CO (Cont.)CO (Cont.)
• PEL = 35 ppm - TWA
• TLV = 25 ppm - TWA
• BEI: <3.5% COHb;
20 ppm (end-exhaled air).
• REL = 200 ppm - STEL;
35 ppm – TWA.
• IDLH = 1500 ppm.
• LEL = 12.5%;
UEL = 74.2%.
29
CO (Cont.)CO (Cont.)
• PEL = 35 ppm - TWA
• TLV = 25 ppm - TWA
• BEI: <3.5% COHb;
20 ppm (end-exhaled air).
• REL = 200 ppm - STEL;
35 ppm – TWA.
• IDLH = 1500 ppm.
• LEL = 12.5%;
UEL = 74.2%.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
30
Concentration of CO necessary to Concentration of CO necessary to
produce symptomsproduce symptoms
Percent ppmEffects
0.02 200Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2-3 hrs.
0.04 400Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs.;
occipital after 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hrs.
0.08 800Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour,
collapse and possibly unconsciousness in 2 hrs.
0.16 1,600Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.;
collapse, unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr.
0.32 3,200Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min.,
unconsciousness and danger of death in 30 min.
0.64 6,400Headache and dizziness in 1 to2 min.,
unconsciousness and danger of death in 10 to 15 min.
1.28 12,800Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger
of death in 1 to 3 min.
30
Concentration of CO necessary to Concentration of CO necessary to
produce symptomsproduce symptoms
Percent ppmEffects
0.02 200Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2-3 hrs.
0.04 400Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs.;
occipital after 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hrs.
0.08 800Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour,
collapse and possibly unconsciousness in 2 hrs.
0.16 1,600Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.;
collapse, unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr.
0.32 3,200Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min.,
unconsciousness and danger of death in 30 min.
0.64 6,400Headache and dizziness in 1 to2 min.,
unconsciousness and danger of death in 10 to 15 min.
1.28 12,800Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger
of death in 1 to 3 min.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
31
Symptoms of CO ExposureSymptoms of CO Exposure
Percent* Symptoms
0-10 Shortness of breath on exertion.
10-20 Tightness across forehead, slight
headache.
20-30 Throbbing headache.
30-40 Severe headache, nausea, vomiting,
collapse on exertion.
40-50 All symptoms increased, pulse rate
and breathing increased.
50-70 Coma, interrupted breathing
(Cheyne-Stokes), death.
* Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with CO [Blood Levels]
31
Symptoms of CO ExposureSymptoms of CO Exposure
Percent* Symptoms
0-10 Shortness of breath on exertion.
10-20 Tightness across forehead, slight
headache.
20-30 Throbbing headache.
30-40 Severe headache, nausea, vomiting,
collapse on exertion.
40-50 All symptoms increased, pulse rate
and breathing increased.
50-70 Coma, interrupted breathing
(Cheyne-Stokes), death.
* Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with CO [Blood Levels]
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
32
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
•Any untested atmosphere must be
suspect.
•Carbon monoxide must be tested for
specifically.
32
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
•Any untested atmosphere must be
suspect.
•Carbon monoxide must be tested for
specifically.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
33
Oxygen DisplacementOxygen Displacement
• Helium.
• Argon.
• Nitrogen.
33
Oxygen DisplacementOxygen Displacement
• Helium.
• Argon.
• Nitrogen.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
34
Oxygen DeprivationOxygen Deprivation
• 21%
• 17%
• 14 - 16%
• 6 -10%
• 6%
34
Oxygen DeprivationOxygen Deprivation
• 21%
• 17%
• 14 - 16%
• 6 -10%
• 6%
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
35
Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres
O2 Content Effects and Symptoms (at p
atm
)
15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair
coordination and induce early symptoms in persons with
coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
12-14% Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination,
perception, and judgment.
10-12% Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment,
lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of
lips, nausea, and vomiting.
6-8% 8 min., 100% fatal; 6 min., 50% fatal; 4-5 min., recovery with
treatment.
4-6% Coma in 40 sec., convulsions, respiration ceases, death.
(Source: Compressed Gas Association Bulletin SB-2)
35
Oxygen Deficient AtmospheresOxygen Deficient Atmospheres
O2 Content Effects and Symptoms (at p
atm
)
15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair
coordination and induce early symptoms in persons with
coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
12-14% Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired coordination,
perception, and judgment.
10-12% Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment,
lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of
lips, nausea, and vomiting.
6-8% 8 min., 100% fatal; 6 min., 50% fatal; 4-5 min., recovery with
treatment.
4-6% Coma in 40 sec., convulsions, respiration ceases, death.
(Source: Compressed Gas Association Bulletin SB-2)
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
36
Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards
• Thermal effects (heat and cold).
• Noise.
• Vibration.
• Radiation.
• Fatigue while working in a
confined space.
36
Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards
• Thermal effects (heat and cold).
• Noise.
• Vibration.
• Radiation.
• Fatigue while working in a
confined space.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
37
Thermal HazardsThermal Hazards
• Air temperature.
• Air velocity.
• Moisture contained
in the air.
• Radiant heat.
37
Thermal HazardsThermal Hazards
• Air temperature.
• Air velocity.
• Moisture contained
in the air.
• Radiant heat.
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38
NoiseNoise
• Reverberation.
• Communication.
• Commands.
38
NoiseNoise
• Reverberation.
• Communication.
• Commands.
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39
VibrationVibration
• Whole body.
• Segmental.
• Tools.
39
VibrationVibration
• Whole body.
• Segmental.
• Tools.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
40
Definition-NIOSHDefinition-NIOSH
Any space which, by design,
has limited openings for entry
and exit; unfavorable natural
ventilation which could
contain or produce dangerous
air contaminants, and which
is not intended for continuous
employee occupancy.
40
Definition-NIOSHDefinition-NIOSH
Any space which, by design,
has limited openings for entry
and exit; unfavorable natural
ventilation which could
contain or produce dangerous
air contaminants, and which
is not intended for continuous
employee occupancy.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
41
41
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
42
42
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
43
Hazardous AtmosphereHazardous Atmosphere
•Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess
of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit
(LFL).
•Airborne combustible dust at a
concentration that meets or exceeds its
LFL.
NOTE: This concentration may be approximated
as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at
a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less.
43
Hazardous AtmosphereHazardous Atmosphere
•Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess
of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit
(LFL).
•Airborne combustible dust at a
concentration that meets or exceeds its
LFL.
NOTE: This concentration may be approximated
as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at
a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
44
Hazardous AtmosphereHazardous Atmosphere
•Atmospheric oxygen concentration below
19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent.
•Atmospheric concentration of any
substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limit is published.
•Any other atmospheric condition that is
immediately dangerous to life or health.
44
Hazardous AtmosphereHazardous Atmosphere
•Atmospheric oxygen concentration below
19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent.
•Atmospheric concentration of any
substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limit is published.
•Any other atmospheric condition that is
immediately dangerous to life or health.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
45
InertingInerting
The displacement of the atmosphere in a
permit space by a noncombustible gas
(such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the
resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.
NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH
oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
45
InertingInerting
The displacement of the atmosphere in a
permit space by a noncombustible gas
(such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the
resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.
NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH
oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
46
Retrieval SystemRetrieval System
The equipment
(including a retrieval
line, chest or full-body
harness, wristlets, if
appropriate, and a
lifting device or
anchor) used for non-
entry rescue of persons
from permit spaces.
46
Retrieval SystemRetrieval System
The equipment
(including a retrieval
line, chest or full-body
harness, wristlets, if
appropriate, and a
lifting device or
anchor) used for non-
entry rescue of persons
from permit spaces.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
47
CommunicationCommunication
• Summoning help.
• Body positions.
• Voice alarms.
47
CommunicationCommunication
• Summoning help.
• Body positions.
• Voice alarms.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
48
Self RescueSelf Rescue
•Usually initiated by worker.
•Worker removes self.
•No rescuer entry required.
•Entrant must know reasons for self
rescue.
48
Self RescueSelf Rescue
•Usually initiated by worker.
•Worker removes self.
•No rescuer entry required.
•Entrant must know reasons for self
rescue.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
49
Entry RescueEntry Rescue
•Most difficult and risky.
•Requires training, equipment and
coordination of efforts.
49
Entry RescueEntry Rescue
•Most difficult and risky.
•Requires training, equipment and
coordination of efforts.
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
50
Respirators for IDHL AtmospheresRespirators for IDHL Atmospheres
50
Respirators for IDHL AtmospheresRespirators for IDHL Atmospheres
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
51
LanyardLanyard
51
LanyardLanyard
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
52
Bosun ChairBosun Chair
52
Bosun ChairBosun Chair
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
53
53
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
54
Davit ArmDavit Arm
54
Davit ArmDavit Arm
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
55
Vehicle Mounted DavitVehicle Mounted Davit
55
Vehicle Mounted DavitVehicle Mounted Davit
Copyright 2004, FE & Associates, All rights reserved
56
Confined Space TestingConfined Space Testing
FOUR-GAS DETECTOR
•Oxygen content
•Flammability / explosion
• potential
•Carbon monoxide
•Hydrogen sulfide
Critical issues
•Training
•Procedures
•Calibration
56
Confined Space TestingConfined Space Testing
FOUR-GAS DETECTOR
•Oxygen content
•Flammability / explosion
• potential
•Carbon monoxide
•Hydrogen sulfide
Critical issues
•Training
•Procedures
•Calibration
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