Chapter 2 Cellular Structure & Physiology.pdf

use for Biological sciences

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy &Physiology
For. Romualdo B. De Guzman,Jr.,
MSA,MBio
Associate Professor II
Chapter2
Plant CellandCell
Physiology

2. CellDicovery
Robert Brown (1831) a Britishbotanist.
❑identify the central part of the cell and called it the
nucleus and also described the cytoplasm as the
grayish fluid that suspend inside thecell.
Dujardin (1835) a Frenchbiologist.
❑observed that cells are composed of fluid filled with
thick, jelly-like fluids the surround the cells and
called themprotoplasm.

3. CellDicovery
Robert Hooked (1665)a Britishscientist.
❑He discovered tiny cubical shape mass from the
slice cork on his self-constructed microscope and
named it“cells”.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) Dutchscientist.
❑made discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood
cells, capillary systems and the life cycle of the
insects out of his modified compoundmicroscope.

4. CellDicovery
Matthias Schleiden (1838) and TheodoreSchwann
(1839) a botanist andzoologist.
❑concluded that plants and animals are composed of
cells and developed the theory aboutcell.
Rudolf Vichow1858 by a Germanpathologist.
❑theory was basis of statement that, “all cells must
come only from pre-existing cells which become the
interest of other scientific studies aboutcell.”

5. CellDicovery
German Engineer Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in1932.
❑built and developed the first transmission electron
microscope that gives more detail in discovering the
different organelles inside thecell.
James Watson, American biochemist and Francis Crick,
British biophysicist in1953.
❑significant discovery about cells is the DNAstructure.
❑gave way to the science of molecular biology and it is used
in advance study like, genetics, molecular systematic,
organic chemistry, biochemistry andothers.

6. Cell Definedas:
❑it is the basic fundamental unit of allliving
organisms capable of duplication and
multiplication.

7. Types ofCells
1. Prokaryotic cells (Greek pro, before, and
Karyon,nucleus).
❑type of cell has no nucleus common characteristic
of bacteria with a size ranging from (1 to 10
microns).
❑outer part is composed of cell wall & plasma
membrane.
❑The cytoplasm contains ribosome, thylakoids and
innumerableenzyme.
❑nucleoid contain single chromosome consist of the
DNA.

8. Types ofCells
2. Eukaryotic cells (Greek eu, true and karyon,nucleus).
❑a true nucleus common characteristic ofprotists
(unicellular cell), fungi, plants andanimals.
❑consist plasma membrane, cytoplasm and acentral
nucleus.
❑nucleus is membrane bounded containingmultiple
chromatin and DNA insideit.
❑plasma membrane made of phospholipids bi-layer.
❑Cytoplasm contains organelles for control, synthesisand
metabolic processes inside thecell.

9. Cells and Tissues –C, O, H,N
•Carry out all chemical activitiesneeded
to sustainlife.
•Cells are the building blocks of allliving
things
•Tissues are groups of cells thatare
similar in structure andfunction
•Structure reflectsfunction
Slide3.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings

10. Anatomyof theGeneralizedCell
•Cells are not all thesame
•All cells share generalstructures
•Cells are organized into threemain
regions
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm
•Plasmamembrane
Figure3.1a
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11. TheNucleus
•Controlcenter
of thecell
•Containsgenetic
material(DNA)
•Threeregions
•Nuclear
membrane
•Nucleolus
•Chromatin
Figure3.1b
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12. Nuclear Membrane –double
membrane orenvelope
•Barrier ofnucleus
•Consists of a doublephospholipid
membrane
•Contain nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest ofthe
cell –selectivelypermeable
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13. Nucleoli
•Nucleus contains one or morenucleoli
•Sites of ribosomeproduction
•Ribosomes then migrate to the
cytoplasm through nuclearpores
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14. Chromatin (when notdividing)
•Composed of DNA andprotein
•Scattered throughout thenucleus
•Chromatin condenses to form
chromosomes when the celldivides
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15. PlasmaMembrane
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•Barrier for cellcontents
•Double phospholipid layer (fat –water)
•Hydrophilicheads
•Hydrophobictails
•Other materials in plasmamembrane
•Protein
•Cholesterol
•Glycoproteins

16. PlasmaMembrane
3.7bCopyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingas BenjaminCummings Slide
Figure3.2

17. Cytoplasm
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•Material outside the nucleus andinside
the plasmamembrane
•Cytosol
•Fluid that suspends otherelements
•Organelles
•Metabolic machinery of thecell
•Inclusions
•Non-functioning units –fat,pigments…..

18. CytoplasmicOrganelles
10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing asBenjaminCummings Slide3.
Figure3.4

19. CytoplasmicOrganelles
•Ribosomes
•Made of protein andRNA
•Sites of proteinsynthesis
•Found at twolocations
•Free in thecytoplasm
•Attached to rough endoplasmicreticulum
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20. CytoplasmicOrganelles
•Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
•Fluid-filled tubules for carryingsubstances
•Two types ofER
•Rough EndoplasmicReticulum
•Studded withribosomes
•Site where building materials of cellular
membrane areformed
•Smooth EndoplasmicReticulum
•Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
ofdrugs
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21. CytoplasmicOrganelles
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•Golgiapparatus
•Modifies and packagesproteins

22. CytoplasmicOrganelles
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Figure3.5

23. CytoplasmicOrganelles
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•Mitochondria
•“Powerhouses” of thecell
•Change shapecontinuously
•Carry out reactions where oxygen isused
to break downfood
•Provides ATP for cellularenergy

24. CytoplasmicOrganelles
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•Cytoskeleton
•Network of protein structures thatextend
throughout thecytoplasm
•Provides the cell with an internalframework

25. CytoplasmicOrganelles
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•Cytoskeleton
•Three differenttypes
•Microfilaments
•Intermediate
filaments
•Microtubules
Figure3.6

26. CytoplasmicOrganelles
•Centrioles
•Rod-shaped bodies made ofmicrotubules
•Direct formation of mitotic spindleduring
celldivision
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27. Cellular Physiology:
MembraneTransport
•Membrane Transport –movementof
substance into and out of thecell
•Transport is by two basicmethods
•Passivetransport
•No energy isrequired
•Activetransport
•The cell must provide metabolicenergy
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28. SelectivePermeability
•The plasma membrane allows some
materials to pass while excludingothers
•This permeability includesmovement
into and out of thecell
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29. Passive TransportProcesses
•Diffusion
•Particles tend to distribute themselvesevenly
within asolution
•Movement is
from high
concentration
to low
concentration,
or down a
concentration
gradient
Figure3.8
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30. Passive TransportProcesses
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•Types ofdiffusion
•Osmosis –simple diffusion ofwater
•Highly polar water easily crossesthe
plasmamembrane
•Facilitated diffusion(glucose)
•Substances require a protein carrierfor
passivetransport

31. Diffusion through thePlasma
Membrane
Figure3.9
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32. Passive TransportProcesses
•Filtration
•Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostaticpressure
•A pressure gradient mustexist
•Solute-containing fluid is pushed froma
high pressure area to a lower pressure
area
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33. ActiveTransportProcesses(ATP)
•Transport substances that are unable topass
bydiffusion
•They may be toolarge
•They may not be able to dissolve in the fatcore
of themembrane
•They may have to move against a concentration
gradient
•Two common forms of activetransport
•Solutepumping
•Bulktransport
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34. Active TransportProcesses
Slide3.28aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings
•Solutepumping
•Amino acids, some sugars and ionsare
transported by solutepumps
•ATP energizes protein carriers, and inmost
cases, moves substances against
concentrationgradients

35. Active TransportProcesses
Slide3.28b
Figure3.10
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36. Active TransportProcesses
Slide3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings
•Bulktransport
•Exocytosis
•Moves materials out of thecell
•Material is carried in a membranousvesicle
•Vesicle migrates to plasmamembrane
•Vesicle combines with plasmamembrane
•Material is emptied to theoutside

37. Active TransportProcesses
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Figure3.11

38. Active TransportProcesses
Slide3.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings
•Bulktransport
•Endocytosis
•Extracellular substances are engulfedby
being enclosed in a membranous
vescicle
•Types ofendocytosis
•Phagocytosis –celleating
•Pinocytosis –celldrinking

39. Active TransportProcesses
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Figure3.12

40. Cell LifeCycle
•Cells have two majorperiods
•Interphase
•Cellgrows
•Cell carries on metabolicprocesses
•Celldivision
•Cell replicatesitself
•Function is to produce more cellsfor
growth and repairprocesses
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41. DNAReplication
•Genetic material
duplicated and
readies a cell for
division into twocells
•Occurs towardthe
end ofinterphase
•DNAuncoilsand
eachsideserves
asatemplate
Slide3.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings
Figure3.13

42. Events of CellDivision
•Mitosis
•Division of thenucleus
•Results in the formation of twodaughter
nuclei
•Cytokinesis
•Division of thecytoplasm
•Begins when mitosis is nearcompletion
•Results in the formation of twodaughter
cells
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43. Stages ofMitosis
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Figure 3.14;1

44. Stages ofMitosis
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Figure 3.14;2

45. ProteinSynthesis
•Gene –DNA segment that carriesa
blueprint for building oneprotein
•Proteins have manyfunctions
•Building materials forcells
•Act as enzymes (biologicalcatalysts)
•RNA is essential for proteinsynthesis
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46. Role ofRNA
•Transfer RNA(tRNA)
•Transfers appropriate amino acids tothe
ribosome for building theprotein
•Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
•Helps form the ribosomes whereproteins
arebuilt
•MessengerRNA
•Carries the instructions for building a
protein from the nucleus to theribosome
Slide3.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings

47. Transcription andTranslation
•Transcription
•Transfer of information from DNA’sbase
sequence to the complimentary base
sequence ofmRNA
•Translation
•Base sequence of nucleic acid istranslated
to an amino acidsequence
•Amino acids are the building blocksof
proteins
Slide3.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishingas Benjamin Cummings

48. ProteinSynthesis
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Figure3.15
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