Chapter 2: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Sir James Grasparil's Chapter 2: Developmenta Psych

1. PROF.JAMES GRASPARIL DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

2. THE BRANCH OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT DESCRIBES,EXPLAINS,PREDICTS,AND SOMETIMES AIMS TO MODIFY AGE RELATED BEHAVIOR FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH. WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY?

3. QUALITATIVE CHANGE- OCCURS IN THE PERSON'S NATURE OF FUNCTIONING LIKE ACHIEVING EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY IN PERFORMANCE. QUANTITATIVE CHANGE- IT INVOLVES CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF CHEST,CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE HEAD,LENGTH OF THE ARMS AND FEET.

4. MATURATION- REFERS TO CHANGES IN DEVELOPMENT THAT RESULT FROM AUTOMATIC,GENETICALLY DETERMINED SIGNALS. CONCEPTION -THE FERTILIZATION OF THE FEMALE OVUM OR EGG BY THE MALE SPERM. KEY CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

5. CHROMOSOMES-THREADLIKE STRAND OF DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) MOLECULES THAT CARRY GENETIC INFORMATION.

6. GENES- A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT OCCUPIES A SPECIFIC PLACE ON A PARTICULAR CHROMOSOMES.

7. NATURE VS NURTURE ISSUE

8. NATURE -ACCORDING TO NATURIST,GROWTH TENDENCIES ARE INBORN. -ACCORDING TO THE NURTURIST,THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE LEARNING AND INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT. DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE OF NATURE VS NURTURE ISSUE NURTURIST

9. -TODAY ,HOWEVER,MOST PSYCHOLOGIST SUPPORTS AN INTERACTIONIST MODEL ,WHICH SEES BOTH INBORN, GENETIC PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. WHICH POSITION IS MORE CORRECT?

10. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

11. GERMINAL STAGE - THE FIRST STAGE OF PREGNANCY (CONCEPTION-2 WKS)CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID CELL DIVISION. STAGES OF PRE NATAL DEVELOPMENT

12. EMBRYONIC STAGE - THE SECOND STAGE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT (FROM UTERINE IMPLANTATION TO THE 8 WK),CHARACTERIZED BY MAJOR BODY ORGAN AND SYSTEM.

13. CEPHALOCAUDAL DEVELOPMENT- A GENERAL PATTERN OF PHYSICAL GROWTH IN WHICH DEVELOPMENT OCCURS FIRST IN THE REGION OF THE HEAD AND LATER IN THE LOWER REGION. PROXIMODISDAL DEVELOPMENT- A GENERAL PATTERN OF PHYSICAL GROWTH IN WHICH DEVELOPMENT STARTS AT THE CENTER OF THE BODY AND MOVES TOWARD THE EXTREMITIES. TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT OCCURING DURING THE EMBRYONIC STAGE

14. FETAL STAGE- THE THIRD AND FINAL STAGE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT (8 WKS-BIRTH),CHARACTERIZED BY WEIGHT GAIN IN THE FETUS AND THE FINE DETAILING OF BODY ORGANS AND SYSTEMS.

15. MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DYZYGOTIC TWINS TYPES OF TWINS

16. MALE SEX CHROMOSOMES- XY SEX CHROMOSOMES- XX SEX DETERMINATION FEMALE x x y x

17. GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

18. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS HAVING ONLY45 TOTAL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES. UNDEVELOPED OVARIES AMMENORHEA UNDEVELOPED BREAST INFERTLITY WEBBEDNECK TURNER'S SYNDROME MISSING X SEX CHROMOSOMES

19. HAVING AN EXCESS X SEX CHROMOSOMES DELAYED DEVELOPMENT LOW IQ POLY X SYNDROME

20. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS HAVING AN EXCESS X SEX CHROMOSOMES UNDEVELOPED TESTES INFERTILITY DEVELOPED BREAST LOW SEX DRIVE/ENERGY KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME PHOTO

21. HAVING AN EXTRA Y SEX CHROMOSOMES SEVERE CASE OF ACNE DURING ADOLESENCE BELOW AVERAGE IQ TALLER THAN NORMAL MALES AGGRESSIVE SUPERMALE SYNDROME

22. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS HAVING AN EXTRA 21 ST CHROMOSOME CONGENITAL EYES, EARS AND HEART DEFECT. SHORT STUBBY LIMBS SLOPPING FOREHEAD PROTRUDING TONGUE SINGLE PALMAR CREASE ORIENTAL IN APPEARNCE DOWN'S SYNDROME PHOTO

23. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION MICROSTOMIA SHORT PALPEBRAL FISSURE MALFORMED EARS,ELONGATED SKULL, CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE CLENCHED HANDS CRYPTORCHIDISM EDWARD'S SYNDROME PHOTO

24. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION DEVELOPED ONLY ONE EYE. DEFECT OF EYE,NOSE,LIPS,EARS, AND FOREBRAIN HYPERCONVEX PATAU'S SYNDROME PHOTO

25. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

26. EXTENDS FROM BIRTH AND THE LATTER PART OF THIRD YEAR. DURING THE FIRST WEEKS, THE BABY’S CAPACITY FOR SENSORY DISCRIMINATION IS LESS PATTERNED AND SENSATION SUCH AS VISION AND AUDITION ,ARE NOT YET DEVELOPED,EXCEPT THE SENSE OF SMELL,TASTE,ORGANIC AND SKIN SENSITIVITIES. MOST OF THE INFANTS BEHAVIOR ARE REFLEXIVE IN NATURE. NEONATAL TASK OF LEARNING ARE LIMITED TO RESPIRATION,DIGESTION AND ELIMINATION. INFANCY

27. THERE IS A RAPID GROWTH PHYSICALLY MARKED BY THE CHANGES IN BODY PROPORTION. CAN DO CRAWLING AND CREEPING MOVEMENT; ROLL SIDE TO SIDE AND OVER;LIE ON HIS BACK AND SIT WITH SUPPORT AND LATER WITHOUT SUPPORT,AND EVENTUALLY LEARN TO WALK. BASIC LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT(CRYING,SIMPLE VOCALIZATION,BABBLING, OR SYLLABICATION. BABYHOOD

28. EXTENDS FROM 2-6 YEARS OLD. “TROUBLESOME AGE” WHERE BEHAVIOR DOMINATES BECAUSE YOUNG CHILDREN ARE DEVELOPING DISTINCTIVE PERSONALITIES AND ARE DEMANDING INDEPENDENCE WHICH THEY USUALLY CAN’T HANDLE SUCCESSFULLY. “TOY AGE” WHERE YOUNG CHILDREN SPEND TOO MUCH OF THEIR WAKING TIME PLAYING WITH TOYS. “PRE GANG” THE TIME WHEN CHILDREN ARE LEARNING THE FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AS A PREPARATION FOR A MORE HIGHLY ORGANIZED SOCIAL LIFE. EARLY CHILDHOOD

29. "PRESCHOOL AGE" THE TIME BEFORE THE CHILD ENTERS FORMAL EDUCATION AND STILL FREE FROM PRESSURES AND EXPECTATIONS THAT FORMAL EDUCATION GIVES. "EXPLORATORY AGE" WHICH IMPLIES THAT CHILDREN WANT TO KNOW WHAT TH EI R ENVIRONMENT IS,HOW IT WORKS,HOW IT FEELS,HOW THEY CAN BE PART OF IT. "QUESTION AGE" THE CHILDREN 'S WAY OF EXPLORING BY ASKING QUESTIONS WHICH AT TIMES ARE ENDLESS.

30. EXTEND FROM 6-12 YRS OF AGE. “PROBLEM AGE” FOR PARENTS, WHEN CHILDREN NO LONGER DO WHAT THEY ARE TOLD TO DO SO SINCE THEY ARE MORE INFLUENCED BY THEIR PEERS THAN BY THEM AND THEIR FANILY MEMBERS. “QUARRELSOME AGE” WHEN SIBLING FIGHTS ARE COMMON. “ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE” “GANG-AGE” CHILDREN’S MAJOR CONCERN IS ACCEPTANCE BY THEIR AGEMATE AND THEIR MEMBERSHIP IN A GANG. “AGE OF COMFORMITY” LATE CHILDHOOD

31. EARLY ADOLESCENCE WHICH EXTENDS TO 17 YRS OF AGE IS USUALLY REFFERED TO AS THE TEENAGE PERIOD. AN IMPORTANT PERIOD WHEN BOTH THE IMMEDIATE AND LONG TERM PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT ARE IMPORTANT. TRANSITION PERIOD EXTERNALLY,RAPID GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN PHYSICAL ASPECT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF ADOLESCENCE. ADOLESCENCE

32. IT COVERS FROM AGE 18-40 YEARS OF AGE. “SETTLING DOWN AGE” WHERE BOYS AND GIRLS ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITIES OF ADULT LIFE. “REPRODUCTIVE AGE” WHEN PARENTHOOD IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE LIVES OF MOST YOUNG ADULT. “PROBLEM AND EMOTIONAL TENSION AGE” WHEN PROBLEMS RELATED TO ADJUSTMENT TO DIFFERENT MAJOR AREAS OF ADULT LIFE (MARRIAGE,PARENTHOOD AND JOB) ARE AT HAND. EARLY ADULTHOOD

33. "PERIOD OF SOCIAL ISOLATION" WHEN RESPONSIBILITIES AT HOME OR AT WORK ISOLATE THEM FROM TH EI R FORMER PEER GROUPS. "TIME OF COMMITMENT" WHEN THEY ESTABLISH NEW PATTERN OF LIVING AND ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITIES. "PERIOD OF DEPENDENCY" WHEN THEY FULFILL TH EI R GOALS AND DREAMS BY SOLICITING HELP FROM SIGNIFICANT OTHERS TO FINANCE TH EI R NEEDS. "TIME OF VALUE CHANGE" THE CAUSE OF WHICH IS THE BROADENED SOCIAL CONTACTS THEY HAVE WITH DIFFERENT AGES AND THE EXPERIENCES THAT GO WITH IT.

34. IT EXTENDS FROM AGE 40-60. “DREADED PERIOD” DUE TP PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DETERIORATION. “TIME OF STRESS” WHEN A NUMBER OF MAJOR ADJUSTMENT MUST BE MADE IN THE HOME ,BUSINESS AND SOCIAL ASPECT OF THEIR LIVES. “DANGEROUS AGE’ WHEN MEN PROVE ONE’S VIRILITY OR A TIME WHEN INDIVIDUAL BREAK DOWN PHYSICALLY DUE TO OVERWORK,TOO MUCH WORRY AND CARELESS LIVING. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

35. " TIME OF ACHIEVEMENT" THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE SUCCESSFUL OR MAY STANDSTILL AND DO NOTHING. "TIME OF EVALUATION" THEY WILL LOOK BACK AND REFLECT TH EI R ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE LIGHT OF TH EI R EARLIER ASPIRATIONS AND THE EXPECTATIONS OF OTHERS. " A TIME OF EMPTY NEST"

36. EXTENDS FROM AGE 60-70. “PERIOD OF DECLINE”WHERE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PROCESSES SLOW DOWN CHANGES IN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES. THE PHYSICAL HAZARDS THAT CHARACTERIZED OLD AGE ARE DISEASES. OLD AGE