CHAPTER 2 Microbial nutrition P1 khg.pptx

CHAPTER 2 Microbial nutrition P1 khg.pptx

1. BSc. Botany Honours (1 st Semester) Core Paper - I MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY UNIT - 1 CHAPTER - 2 MICROBIAL NUTRITION PART-1

2. CHAPTER 2 Microbial Nutrition For BSc. Botany honours students (1 st semester )

3. NUTRITION It is a complex physiological process of obtaining nutrients that are essential for growth, development and other living activities in living organisms.

4. Nutrients Nutrients are the chemical elements that are obtaining from the environment by the Living organisms for their growth and other living activities.

5. IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENTS Nutrients are required for; Formation of structural components of cell and cell organelles, protoplasmic Components, etc. Synthesis of biomolecules like proteins, Lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, etc. C atalyzing enzyme activities. Assist in growth and development.

6. TYPES OF NUTRIENTS:- O ut of 93 types of natural elements nearly 40 types of elements are found in the living cells. These 40 types of elements are categorized under two groups. Essential elements Non-essential elements

7. There are 16 types of elements enlisted under essential elements are essential nutrients. They are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, Phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, icon, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum and chlorine. Besides these Nickel (Ni) is also regarded as essential nutrient. One the basis of the quantities required for microbial growth and development, the essential N utrients have been divided into two categories: Macronutrients Micronutrients

8. NUTRIENTS Macronutrients Micronutrients Essential Non-essential ( fig:- classification of nutrients )

9. CRITERIA OF ESSENTIALITY An essential nutrient has Following Criteria . It is indispensable for the growth and the organism can't complete its life cycle without it. The action of the element is specific and non-replaceable. The element must be directly involved in the nutrition of the organism, i.e . It should be a necessary component of an essential metabolite. Any deficiency of the element must Produce physical or physiological disorders.

10. MACRO – NUTRIENTS:- These are the elements which are required in higher amount by the micro- organisms. There are 10 Macro-nutrients-: C , H, O, P, K, N, S , Ca , Fe and Mg. O ut of these C, H, O, P, N & S are required in greater amount than K, Ca, Mg & Fe. C , H & O are mostly called as building block elements.

11. ELEMENTS %/D.W. SOURCE FUNCTION CARBON(C) 50 Co 2 or Organic compounds Backbone element. Main constituent of cellular material. OXYGEN (O) 20 Co 2 , O 2 and organic compounds . Backbone element. Main constituent of the organic molecules. The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. NITROGEN (N) 14 NH 3 , No 3 , N2 & organic compounds. Constituent of amino acids , nucleic acids, nucleotides, proteins and coenzymes. HYDROGEN (H) 8 H 2 O,H 2 and organic compounds. Main constituents of organic compounds and cell water. Act as electron donor in various reactions.

12. ELEMENTS %/D.W. SOURCE FUNCTION PHOSPHORUS (P) 3 Inorganic phosphates. Constituent of nucleotides, nucleic acid, phospholipids, cofactors, ATP, some proteins and other cellular components. SULPHUR (S) 1 H 2 S, So 4 , S and organic sulphur compounds. Constituent of amino acids like methionine & cysteine. Constituent of Proteins and Vitamins like Biotin and Thiamine (B 1 ) Constituent of several co-enzyme. POTASSIUM(K) 1 Potassium salts. Main cellular cation. Co-factor for certain enzyme. MANGNESIUM (Mg) 0.5 Magnesium salts. Inorganic cellular cation, co-factor for certain enzymatic reactions.

13. ELEMENTS %/D.W. SOURCE FUNCTION CALCIUM (Ca) 0.5 Calcium salt. Inorganic cellular cation. Co-factor for certain enzymatic reactions. Components of endospores. IRON (I) 0.2 Iron salts Fe3+ & Fe2+ Component of cytochromes and certain non-heme iron-proteins. Co-factor for certain enzymatic reactions.

14. MICRO-NUTRIENTS/TRACE ELEMENTS :- These are also essential elements, but they are required in very very small amount . However, they play vital role in some metabolic activities . These elements mostly act as metallic Cofactors and prosthetic group in enzymatic regulation .

15. The important micro-nutrients for microbial metabolism are Manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), Cobalt (co), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Selenium (se), etc. In analytical Chemistry, a trace element is one whose average concentration is lees than 200 PPM measured in the atomic count or less than 100 micrograms per gram.

16. ELEMENTS SOURCE FUNCTION MANGANESE (Mn) Divalent manganese cation (mn 2+) Activities many enzymes of TCA cycle. Photolysis of water. Nitrogen metabolism. MOLYBDENUM (Mo) Molybedate ions, Tri, Tetra or penta-oxides. Components of enzymes like nitrogen and nitrate reductase of nitrogen metabolism.

17. ELEMENTS SOURCE FUNCTION ZINC (Zn) Divalent Zn2+ ion. Activates enzymes like dehydrogenases, carboxylases, etc. COPPER (Cu) Cupric ion (Cu2+) Associated with the enzymes involved in redox reaction.

18. ELEMENTS SOURCE FUNCTION NICKEL(Ni) Nickel ion (Ni2+) Essential components of various enzymes involved in nitrogen and energy metabolism and in detoxification. COBALT(Co) Cobalt ion (Co2+) Acts as enzyme cofactor. Necessary for N 2 fixation.

19. Carbon (C) Hydrogen(H) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus(P) Potassium(K) Nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Nickel (Ni) Cobalt (Co)

20. GROWTH FACTORS: Growth factors are essential components required for, synthesis of cell components or their precursors. The important growth factors include some specific amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and vitamins. Besides nutrients, these growth factors are also required in very small amount to boost microbial growth and metabolism . The different vitamins required are biotin , folic acid , pyridoxine , niacin, thiamine , riboflavin , etc .

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