Chapter 2; Types Of Language Assessment.pptx

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2. Different Normative Ethical Theories Commonly Used in Business Decision MakingCitation . Prepared by: Malika D. Usman

3. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development The Machiavellian Principles Utilitarianism The Principles of Rights and Virtuous : The Kantian Ethics John Rawls'Principles of Justice The Moral Positivism of Hobbes Divine Command of Ethics Ethical Egoism of Ayn Rand.

4. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Develpment psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg developed one of the best- knoAmericanwn theories exploring some of these basic questions. 2  His work modified and expanded upon  Jean Piaget's  previous work but was more centered on explaining how children develop moral reasoning. How did the two theories differ? Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development. 3  Kohlberg extended  Piaget’s theory, posing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. His theory outlines six stages of moral development within three different levels.

5. 3 levels of Moral Development Stages of Moral Development Kohlberg's theory is broken down into three primary levels. At each level of moral development, there are two stages. Similar to how Piaget believed that not all people reach the highest levels of cognitive development, Kohlberg believed not everyone progresses to the highest stages of moral development. 1. Preconventional morality - morality is the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. At the preconventional level children don't have a personal code of morality, and instead moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules.

6. Conventional morality - is characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Postconventional morality - a concept developed largely by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, identifies the ethical reasoning of moral actors who make decisions based on rights, values, duties, or principles that are (or could be) universalizable.

7. The machiavellian principles Machiavelli proposed that  immoral behavior , such as the use of deceit and the murder of innocents, was normal and effective in politics. He also notably encouraged politicians to engage in evil when it would be necessary for political expediency.

8. The machiavellian principles Machiavelli proposed that  immoral behavior , such as the use of deceit and the murder of innocents, was normal and effective in politics. He also notably encouraged politicians to engage in evil when it would be necessary for political expediency.

9. The machiavellian principles You must believe your own lies. 2. Think about how people suck and don't deserve your honesty. 3. Recognize that not everyone will be easy to fool

10. Diagnostic Formative Summative OCCURRENCE Occurs at the beginning of the school year and before each unit of study. Occurs within the instruction. Occurs at the end of the instruction. FOCUS/ IMPORATANCE To determine students’ knowledge and skills, their learning needs, and their motivational and interest level Focus on the processes and products of learning. To determine knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes that have developed over a given period of time; to summarize students progress; and to report this progress to students, parents and teachers

11. Types of assessment tools Assessment data can be collected and recorded by both the teacher and students in a variety ways.

12. Whatever method of data collection is used, teachers should: meet with students regularly to discuss their progress adjust rating criteria as learners change progress.

13. Types of assessment tools

14. Types of assessment tools

15. Types of assessment tools

16. Types of assessment tools

17. • Types of assessment tools

18. Types of assessment tools

19. Types of assessment tools

20. Types of assessment tools

21. Types of assessment tools

22. Kinds of Language Test

23. Assessment is perhaps one of the least understood areas of language teaching and learning Students see test as a threat to their competence, because they are afraid that they will not perform well..

24. P roficiency Test Are designed to measure peoples ability in language, regardless of any training they may have had in that language.

25. A c h i ev ement Test Generally, most teacher will be involved in the preparation and use of achievement tests.

26. Diagnostic Test Are test to identify learners strength and weaknesses.

27. P l a c e m e n t Tests Are their name suggest, are intended to provide information that will help to place students at the stage of the teaching program most appropriate to their abilities.

28. References https://www.slideshare.net/FrancisCalubayan1/types-of-language-assessment-71892055 https://www.slideshare.net/HennaAnsari/tools-of-assessment-201436472 https://www.slideshare.net/geumjen2/kinds-of-language-tests

29. END! For Listening