chapter 3, guide in making research papers

guide

1. What is research methodology? A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including Research Design, Samples and Sampling Techniques, Research Instruments, Validation of Instruments, Data Gathering Procedures, Statistical Tools and Treatments , within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.

2. CHAPTER 3 - METHODS/METHODOLOGY Comprehensive Description: ✓ Research Design ✓ Samples and Sampling Techniques ✓ Research Instruments ✓ Validation of Instruments ✓ Data Gathering Procedures ✓ Statistical Tools and Treatments

3. Research design Research is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data. Creating a research design means making decisions about: Your overall research objectives and approach Whether you’ll rely on primary research or secondary research Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects Your data collection methods The procedures you’ll follow to collect data Your data analysis methods

4. What should be written in Research Design? The brief description and justification of the Research Design used should be explained. Research Design in Research is categorized according to the procedure the researcher collects and analyzes data and his research purpose. Two types of Research design: QUALITATIVE and QUANTITAVE Research

5. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Similarities and Differences Differences: Qualitative Research -Deals directly with historical problems of cause and effect or interpretation of unique social phenomena. Quantitative Research - Represent the responses of large numbers of individuals to different kinds of stimuli, Similarities: Share concerns "in problem- finding, in explaining the relationships of data to claim, in theory, building and in explaining particular cases in the light of established knowledge and theory. The two sets of methods allow researchers to deal with problems of various dimensions in different context.

6. Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative Procedure Experiment Standardized instruments Structured interview Structured Observation Observation Open ended interview Review of documents Participants of observation Data collection Statistical Operationalized Variables Descriptive Field Notes Documents Interviews

7. Participants in the study Participants in the study are individuals or entities involved in the study, providing data or being subject to observation. They are selected based on the research objectives and may include people, animals, organizations, or specific groups relevant to the study's focus. Research instruments Research instruments are tools or techniques used to collect data in a research study. These can include surveys, questionnaires, interviews, observations, experiments, and other methods designed to gather information for analysis and study purposes.

8. Data gathering procedure Data gathering is the first and most important step in the research process, regardless of the type of research being conducted. It entails  collecting, measuring, and analyzing information about a specific subject . Instrument validation Instrument validation in research refers to the process of assessing the accuracy and effectiveness of the tools or instruments used to collect data. It ensures that the instruments measure what they are intended to measure and provide reliable and valid results.

9. Statistical description of data Statistical description of data involves summarizing and interpreting data using various statistical measures. This includes measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) to describe the typical value, and measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation) to indicate the spread or variability of the data. Additionally, frequency distributions, histograms, and other graphical representations are employed to provide a visual overview of the data distribution. These statistical tools help researchers analyze and communicate key characteristics of their data sets.