CHAPTER 7: SPILLWAY AND ENERGY
DISSIPATORS
1
0401544 -HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
University of Sharjah
Dept. of Civil and Env. Engg.
DR. MOHSIN SIDDIQUE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SPILLWAY
2
LEARNING OUTCOME After taking this lecture, students should be able to: (1). Obtain in-depth knowledge on various types of spillways
used in dams and their design guide lines
(2). Apply the design guide lines for the design of selected
Spillway
3
References: Khatsuria, R. M., Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators,
Novak, A.I.B. Moffat, C. Nalluri, R. Narayanan, Hydr aulic Structures, 4th Ed. CRC Press
Santosh, K. G., Irrigation Engineering and Hydrauli c Structures, Khanna Publishers
BULU, A., Lecture noted of water resources, Istanbu l Technical University
SPILLWAY Aspillwayis a structure
designed to 'spill' flood waters
under controlled (i.e.safe)
conditions.
CThe Spillways can be
C
Uncontrolled (Normally)
C
Controlled
HNote:
Concrete dams
normally incorporate an over-fall
or crest spillway, but
embankment dams generally
require a separate side-channel
or shaft spillway structure
located adjacent to the dam.
Sketch of conventional weir/spillway
4
CLASSIFICATION OF SPILLWAYS I. According to the most
prominent feature
•
A. Ogee spillway
•
B. Chute spillway
•
C. Side channel spillway
•
D. Shaft spillway
•
E. Siphon spillway
•
F. Straight drop or overfall
spillway
•
G. Tunnel spillway/Culvert
spillway
•
H. Labyrinth spillway
•
I. Stepped spillway
II. According to Function
•
A. Service spillway
•
B. Auxiliary spillway
•
C. Fuse plug or emergency
spillway
III. According to Control
Structure
•
A. Gated spillway
•
B. Ungated spillway
•
C. Orifice of sluice spillway
5
CLASSIFICATION
OF SPILLWAY
Classification of Spillway (Vischer et al, San
Francisco,1988).
6
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES Semenkov (1979) analyzed more than 400 projects in terms of
parameters L/H and N for the three main types of sp illways: gravity
spillways, chute spillways, and tunnel spillways fo r concrete and
earth-fill dams.
Where, L and H are the length and height of the dam crest respectively, and
N is the power of the flow
Types of spillways for concrete and earth-fill dams. T: Tunnel spillways, C:
Chute spillways, G: Gravity spillways (Semenkov, 1979).
7
VARIOUS ASPECTS INVOLVED IN A SPILLWAY DESIGN The following aspects are involved in the design of spillways:
1. Hydrology
•
Estimation of inflow design flood
•
Selection of spillway design flood
•
Determination of spillway outflow discharge
•
Determination of frequency of spillway use
2. Topography and geology •
Type and location of spillway
3. Utility and operational aspects
•
Serviceability
4. Constructional and structural aspects
•
Cost-effectiveness
8
SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)
This is the flood that may be expected fromthe most severe
combination of critical meteorological and hydrological c onditions that
are reasonably possible in the region. This is computed by us ing the
Probable MaximumStorm.
Standard Project Flood (SPF)
This is the flood that may be expected fromthe most severe
combination of hydrological and meteorological factors that are
considered reasonably characteristic of the region and is c omputed by
using the Standard Project Storm(SPS).
In US, generally, large dams are designed for PMF, intermediate for
SPF/PMF, and small dams for floods of return period of 100 years to
SPF.
10
ESTIMATION OF SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD The estimation of spillway design flood or the infl ow design flood is an
exercise involving diverse disciplines of hydrology , meteorology,
statistics and probability.
There is a great variety of methods used around the world to determine
exceptional floods and their characteristics. ICOLD (1992) groups all
these methods under the two main categories:
1. Methods based mainly on flow data.
2. Methods based mainly on rainfall data.
(discussion on the methods is not scope of this cou rse)
11
SPILLWAY DESIGN Ogee or Overflow Spillways
12
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS The ogee or overflow spillway is the most common ty pe of spillway. It
has a control weir that is Ogee or S-shaped. It is a gravity structure
requiring sound foundation and is preferably locate d in the main river
channel.
13
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS The basic shape of the overfall (ogee) spillway is d erived from the
lower envelope of the overall nappe flowing over a high vertical
rectangular notch with an approach velocity, V
o
,=0 and a fully aerated
space beneath the nappe (p=p
o
)
14
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS
Similar to the crest profile, the discharge charact eristics of the standard
spillway can also be derived from the characteristi cs of the sharp
crested weir. The weir equation in the form:
If the discharge, Q, is used as the design discharge in above Eq, then the term
H
ewill be the corresponding design head (H
d) plus the velocity head (H
a). i.e.,
H
e= H
d+H
a
For high ogee spillways, the velocity head is very small, and H
e
≅
H
d.
2/3
2
e
LHg C Q=
He
15
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Overflow spillways are named as high-overflow, and low-overflow
depending upon to the relative upstream depth P/H
D
.
In high-overflow spillways, this ratio is (P/H
D
>1.33) and the approach
velocity is generally negligible.
Low spillways have appreciable approach velocity, w hich affects both
the shape of the crest and the discharge coefficien ts.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Definition sketch of overflow spillway cross-section
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Figure gives variation ofC
D
, the value ofCwhenHequals the design
headH
D
, with the relative upstreamdepthP/H
D
. HerePis the height of
the spillway crest with respect to the channel bed.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Overflow spillways
frequently use undershot
radial gates for releases
over the dam. The
governing equation for
gated flows:
Where Cis a coefficient of
discharge, and H
1
and H
2
are total heads to the
bottom and top of the gate
opening. The coefficient C
is a function of geometry
and the ratio d/H
1
, where d
is the gate aperture.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE
On the crest shape based on a design head,H
D
, when the actual head
is less thanH
D
, the trajectory of the nappe falls below the crest profile,
creating positive pressures on the crest, thereby reducingthe
discharge. On the other hand, with a higher than design head,the
nappe-trajectory is higher than crest, which creates negat ive pressure
pockets and results in increased discharge.
H=H
D
H>H
D
H<H
D
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE Accordingly, it is considered desirable to under de sign the crest shape
of a high overflow spillway for a design head, H
D
, less than the head on
the crest corresponding to the maximum reservoir le vel, H
e
(~H
max
)
.
However, with too much negative pressure, cavitatio n may occur. The
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1988) recommendation has been that
H
e
/H
D
should not exceed 1.33.
The Corps of Engineers (COE) has accordingly recommended that a
spillway crest be designed so that the maximum expected head will
result in an average pressure on the crest no lower than (-4.50m) of
water head (U.S. Department of Army, 1986). Pressures of (-4.50m)
can be approximated by the following equations (Reese and Maynord,
1987).
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE
H
e/H
D<=1.33
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE
Crest shapes have been studied extensively in the U SBR hydraulic
laboratories with various approach depths. On the b asis of the USBR
data, the US Army Corps of Engineers, WES (1952)** has developed
several standard shapes, designated as WES standard spillway
shapes, represented on the
downstream of the crest axis
by the
equation:
**WES Spillway for Genegantslet dam,. New York, Tech Memo 2–351, 1952.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS THE SPILLWAY CREST PROFILE (typical values)
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS In the revised procedure developed by Murphy (1973), using the same
basic data of USBR, the
upstream quadrant
was shaped as an ellipse
with the equation
and the
downstream profile
conformed to the equation
Where Kis a parameter depending on the ratio approach dept h and
design head
For vertical u/s face
origin at the base of apex
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Figure. Coordinate coefficients for spillway crest (USACE, 1986)
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Typical WES crest profiles.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS In a high-overflow section, the crest profile merge s with the straight
downstream section of slope α, as shown in Fig. (i.e., dy/dx = α).
Differentiation and expressing that in terms of x
yield the distance to the position of downstream ta ngent as follows:
where
x
DT= Horizontal distance from
the apex to the downstream
tangent point
α= Slope of the downstream
face.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS With respect to
origin at the apex
, the equation of the elliptical shape
for
upstream quadrant
is expressed as,
where
x = Horizontal coordinate, positive to the right
y = Vertical coordinate, positive downward
A, B = One-half of the ellipse axes, as given in Fi g. above for various
values of approach depth and design head.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS For a inclined upstream face of slope
F
S
, the point of tangency with elliptical
shape can be determined by the
following equation.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS The coefficient of discharge (or say discharge) is influenced by a
number of factors such as
(1)
the relation of the actual crest shape to the ideal nappe shape,
(2)
the depth of approach,
(3)
the inclination of the upstream face,
(4)
the contraction caused by the crest piers and abutm ent,
(5)
the interference due to downstream apron, and
(6)
the submergence of the crest due to downstream water level.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS (1). The relation of the
actual crest shape to the
ideal nappe shape,
R. M. Khatsuria, Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissi pators,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS (2) the depth of approach
R. M.
Khatsuria
, Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy
Dissipators
,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
(3) the inclination of the upstream face
R. M.
Khatsuria
, Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy
Dissipators
,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS (4) The effective length (L’) of Ogee spillway Crest piers and abutments cause contraction of the flow, reduction in
the effective length of the crest, and cause reduct ion in the discharge
as compared to that of an otherwise uncontrolled cr est. The following
relationship applies:
The values of K
P
and K
a
depend mainly upon the shape of the piers
and that of the abutments.
R. M.
Khatsuria
, Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy
Dissipators
,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS (5 & 6): Submerged Discharge on Overflow Spillways The coefficient of discharge decreases under the co ndition of
submergence. Submergence can result from either excessive tailwater
depth or changed crest profile.
The effect of tailwater submergence on the coefficie nt of discharge
depends upon the degree of submergence defined by
h
d
/He
and the
downstream apron position,
(h
d
+d)/He
shown in Fig. (7.5).
For a value of
(h
d
+d)/He
up to approximately 2, the reduction in the
coefficient depends on the factor
(h
d
+d)/He
and is independent of
h
d
/He
as shown in Fig. (7.5.a), i.e., it is subject to ap ron effects only.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS (5 & 6): Submerged Discharge on Overflow Spillways
Atıl BULU, Lecture noted of water resources, Istanbul Tech nical University
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS When (hd+d)/He is above 5,
the reduction depends only
on hd/Heas shown in Fig.
(7.4.b), i.e., tailwater effects
control.
For (hd+d)/He between 2 and
5, the reduction of the
coefficient depends on both
factors, given in Fig. (7.5.c).
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS SPILLWAY TOE The spillway toe is the junction between the discha rge channel and the
energy dissipator. Its function is to guide the flo w passing down the
spillway and smoothly in the energy dissipator
A minimum radius of 3 times the depth of flow enter ing the toe is
recommended.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS EXAMPLE 7.1: Design an overflow spillway section for a design
discharge of 1500 m
3
/sec. The upstream water surface level is at
elevation 240m and the upstream channel floor is at 200 m. The
spillway, having a vertical face, is 50 m long.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Solution:
1. Assuming a high overflow spillway section, for P/ HD ≥ 3, discharge
coefficient C
D
=0.49 from Fig.
2. From the discharge equation
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS 5. Calculate height of the crest,
P = 40.00 − 5.73 = 34.27m
6. Calculate design head
Since H
e
=5.76 m<10m
Design head=H
D
=0.7H
e
=0.7*5.76=4.03m
7. Calculate P/H
D
P/H
D
=34.27/4.03=8.5 >1.33 high overflow
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS 8. Shape of downstream quadrant
for P/H
D
=8.5 AAAAK= 2 (from Fig)
Therefore,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Coordinates of the downstream shape computed by the equation are as follows:
9. Calculate point of tangency: Assume a downstream slope of (2/1).
From Eq.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS 10. Shape of upstream quadrant:
Eq.
Therefore ,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Coordinates of the downstream shape computed by
the equation are as follows:
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
sketch of overflow spillway cross-section
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS EXAMPLE 7.2: A spillway has been designed for a head of 2.80 m w ith
a length 200 m. The discharge coefficient is C = 0.49. Calculate the
discharge for this head.
What will the discharge be for heads of 0.20 m and 1.50 m?
What is the maximum discharge that can be passed over this spillway
without cavitation?
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Solution:
At the design head,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Similarly,
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Maximum head:
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS EXAMPLE 7.3: Determine the length of an overflow spillway to pas s 60
m
3
/s with a depth of flow upstream not to exceed 1.50 m above the
crest. The spillway is 2.50 m high. The upstream fa ce is sloped 1/1. For
60 m
3
/s, the tailwater rises 1.00 m above the crest. The spillway is
designed for the maximum head.
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS 1. Since the spillway is designed for maximum head,
H
D
= H
e
= 1.50 (without the approach velocity head)
2. From the given figure,
>2 but <5
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Problem 1:
Design a suitable section for the overflow portion of a concrete gravity
dam having the downstream face sloping at a slope of 0.7H: 1V. The
design discharge for the spillway is 8,000 m
3
/s. The height of the
spillway crest is kept at RL 204.0 m. The average r iver bed level at the
site is 100.0 m. Thickness of each pier may be take n to be 2.5 m.
(Take He=H
D
)
OGEE OR OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS Problem 2:
Design a suitable section for the overflow portion of a concrete gravity
dam having the downstream face sloping at a slope of 0.7H: 1V. The
design discharge for the spillway is 8,000 m
3
/s. The height of the
spillway crest is kept at RL 204.0 m. The average r iver bed level at the
site is 100.0 m. The spillway length consists of 6 spans having a clear
width of 10 m each. Thickness of each pier may be t aken to be 2.5 m. (Take He=H
D
)
THANK YOU
Slides are prepared from various sources(References). It may have
discrepancies/ inconsistency. If you find any, kind ly rechecked with
sources list in “references ”.
64
ENERGY DISSIPATERS
(STILLING BASIN)
LEARNING OUTCOME After taking this lecture, students should be able to: (1). Obtain knowledge on energy dissipators (stilling basin)
used in hydraulic structures and their design guide lines
(2). Apply the design guide lines for the design of selected
energy dissipators
66
References: Khatsuria , R. M., Hydraulics of Spillways and Energ y Dissipators,
Novak, A.I.B. Moffat, C. Nalluri, R. Narayanan, Hydr aulic Structures, 4th Ed. CRC Press
Santosh, K. G., Irrigation Engineering and Hydrauli c Structures, Khanna Publishers
Mays, L. W., Hydraulic design handbook (CHAPTER 18), Mcgraw hills
ENERGY DISSIPATION Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the base of a spillway is
essential for bringing the flow into the downstream river to the normal—
almost pre-dam— condition in as short of a distance as possible.
This is necessary, not only to protect the riverbed and banks from
erosion, but also to ensure that the dam itself and adjoining structures
like powerhouse, canal, etc. are not undermined by the high velocity
turbulent flow.
Low velocity
Very high velocity
V
1=(2gH
1)
0.5
y
1=q/V
1
67
ENERGY DISSIPATION CLASSIFICATION 1. Based on hydraulic action: Turbulence and internal friction as in
hydraulic jump stilling basins, roller buckets, and impact and pool
diffusion as with ski jump buckets and plunge pools .
2. Based on the mode of dissipation: Horizontal as in the hydraulic
jump, vertical as with ski jump buckets/free jets, and oblique as with
spatial and cross flows. The vertical dissipation m ay be in the downward
direction as with free jets and plunge pools and in upward direction as
with roller buckets.
3. Based on geometry or form of the main flow: Situations involving
sudden expansion, contraction, counter acting flows , impact, etc.
4. Based on the geometry or form of the structure: Stilling basin
employs hydraulic jump with or without appurtenance s like chute blocks,
baffle piers, etc. Buckets (ski jump or flip bucket s) include special
shapes like serrated, dentated buckets, and roller b uckets that are either
solid roller bucket or slotted buckets.
68
ENERGY DISSIPATION PRINICIPAL TYPES OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS The energy dissipators for spillways can be grouped under the following
five categories:
1.
Hydraulic jump stilling basins
2.
Free jets and trajectory buckets
3.
Roller buckets
4.
Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump
5.
Impact type energy dissipators
69
ENERGY DISSIPATION ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS
E
g
V
y
g
V
y
g
V
y
o
o
∆+ + = + = +
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
∆E= Energy dissipation between
u/s and d/s
Energy equation:
Mass conservation:
Q
1=Q
2=Q
3
70
ENERGY DISSIPATION In case of hydraulic jump at the d/s
V
1=(2gH
1)
0.5
y
1=q/V
1
Thus, q/y
1=(2gH
1])
0.5
+ −
+ == ∆
g
V
y
g
V
y E
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
71
Energy dissipation
Assumption of Horizontal bed !!!
ENERGY DISSIPATION Hence, for a given discharge intensity and given he ight of spillway, y
1
is
fixed and thus y
2
(required for the formation of hydraulic jump) is al so
fixed.
But the availability of a depth equal to y
2
in the channel on the d/s cannot
be guaranteed as it depends upon the tail water lev el, which depends
upon the hydraulic dimensions and slope of the rive r channel at d/s.
The problem should, therefore, be analyzed before a ny solution can be
found by plotting the following curves:
Tail Water Curve (TW Curve): A graph plotted between q and tail water
depth,
Jump Height Curve (JH Curve) also called y
2
curve: A curve plotted on
the same graph, between q and y
2
,
72
ENERGY DISSIPATION
(1)
IdeaI condition
73
ENERGY DISSIPATION
74
ENERGY DISSIPATION (1). When TW curve coincides with y
2
curve
This is the most ideaI condition for jump formation. The hydraulic
jump will form at the toe of the spillway at all di scharges. In such a case,
a simple concrete apron of length equivalent to len gth of jump (e.g.,5 [y
2
- y
1
]) is generally sufficient to provide protection
75
ENERGY DISSIPATION (A). When TW curve is above the y
2
curve
When y
2
is always below the tail water, the jump forming at toe will be
drowned out by the∙ tail water, and little energy w ill be dissipated.
The problem can be solved by:
(i). constructing a sloping apron above the river b ed level
(ii). providing a roller bucket type of energy diss ipator
76
ENERGY DISSIPATION iii. Providing a higher apron level followed by a d rop
ENERGY DISSIPATION (B). When TW curve is below the y
2
curve
When the tail water depth is insufficient or low at all discharges, the
following solution can be applied:
(i). Ski jump bucket type: This type of energy dissipator requires
sound and rocky river bed, because a part of the en ergy dissipation
takes place by impact, although some of the energy is dissipated in air
by diffusion and aeration
78
ENERGY DISSIPATION (ii). Providing of a sloping apron as below the river bed
79
ENERGY DISSIPATION (iii). Constructing a subsidiary dam below the main dam
80
ENERGY DISSIPATION (iv) Providing upward slope
ENERGY DISSIPATION (D). When TW curve is above the y
2
curve at low discharges and
below the y
2
curve at high discharges:
In this case, at low
discharges, the jump will be drowned and at high di scharges, tail water
depth is insufficient. The following solutions can be applied by:
(i). Providing a sloping apron partly above and par tly below the river bed
(ii). A combination of energy dissipator performing as a hydraulic jump
apron for low discharges and flip bucket for high d ischarges
At low discharges, the jump
will form on the apron above
the river bed.
Similarly, at high discharges,
the jump will form on the
apron below the river bed
82
ENERGY DISSIPATION (C). When TW curve is below the y
2
curve at low discharges and
above the y
2
curve at high discharges
(inverse of case D)
83
The following solutions can be applied:
(i). Sloping-cum-horizontal apron such that the
jump forms on the horizontal portion for low
discharges and on the sloping portion for high
discharges
ENERGY DISSIPATION IN HYDRAULIC JUMP Hydraulic jump can be used as Energy Dissipator
+ −
+ = ∆
g
V
y
g
V
y E
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
yq V/
=
However, the real problem in the design of stilling ba sins, is not the absolute
dissipation of energy, but is the dissipation of this ene rgy in as short a length
as possible.
−
= ∆
21
1 2
4yy
y y
E
=
gy
V
F
84
V
1=(2gH
1)
0.5
y
1=q/V
1
Thus, q/y
1=(2gH
1])
0.5
STILLING BASIN • In general, a stilling basin may be defined, as a structure in which the
energy dissipating action is confined.
• If the phenomenon of hydraulic jump is basically u sed for dissipating
this energy; it may be called a hydraulic jump type of stilling basin .
• The auxiliary devices may be used as additional measures for
controlling the jump, etc.
• Stilling basins are placed at the ends of dam spil lways and at the
ends of steep-sloped canal sections where elevation change has
generated high kinetic energy.
• Stilling basin come in a variety of types and can either contain a
straight drop to a lower elevation or an inclined c hute
•Inclined chutes are the most common design for stilling basins
and the most used inclined chutes are: USBR Stilling Basins
Type II-IV, SAF Stilling Basins
85
STILLING BASIN In practice, the following types are highly recomme nded:
• USBR Type II basin for large structures and Fr > 4.5;
• USBR Type III basin and the SAF basin for small st ructures;
• USBR Type IV basin for oscillating jump flow condi tions
The designs are selected based on the Froude Number of the flow and
the flow velocity:
1
1
1
1
1
y
q
V
gy
V
Fr
=
=
86
STANDARD STILLING BASINS Elements of Stilling Basin Chute blocks
Baffle blocks
End sill or Dentated Sill
87
STANDARD STILLING BASINS •Chute blocks -concrete blocks built into the inclined sections o f the
spillway. These features are commonly placed at the head of the
stilling basin to create turbulence prior to the hy draulic jump
•Baffle blocks -freestanding concrete blocks built in the main bas in.
These blocks are only used for flows <20m/s due to the high force
they are subjected to and the potential for cavitat ion
•End sills-a built-up lip at the tail of the basin, with or w ithout blocks.
The sill height has the most significant impact on energy dissipation
and taller sills are used to reduce the overall len gth of the stilling
basin
88
STANDARD STILLING BASINS USBR Stilling Basin Type II Fr
1
> 4.5
89
STANDARD STILLING BASINS USBR Stilling Basin Type III Fr
1
> 4.5 & V<18m/s
D
1=y
1
90
STANDARD STILLING BASINS USBR Stilling Basin Type IV Fr
1
=2.5-4.5
91
STANDARD STILLING BASINS Saint Anthony Falls Effective for Fr
1
= 1.7 and 17
92
STANDARD STILLING BASINS
d=y
1
dconj=y
2
Summary
93
ENERGY DISSIPATION DEFLECTOR BUCKETS
Sometimes it is convenient to direct spillway into the river without
passing through a stilling basin. This is accomplis hed with a deflector
bucket designed so that the jet strikes the riverbed a saf e distance from
the spillway and dam. This type of spillway is ofte n called a flip bucket
or ski jump spillway.
94
ENERGY DISSIPATION The trajectory of the jump
Where,
h
v
= Velocity head
d= Thickness of the jump
When the free jet discharging from the deflection b ucket falls into an
erodible riverbed, a plunge pool is eroded to a dep th, D, given by:
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discrepancies/ inconsistency. If you find any, kind ly rechecked with
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