CHAPTER 8 - HATE SPEECH & FREE SPEECH.pptx

hate speech notes

1. HATE SPEECH

2. HATE SPEECH

3. HATE SPEECH DEFINITION Hate speech covers all forms of expression which spread, incite, promote or justify racial hatred, xenophobia, anti-Semitism or other forms of hatred based on intolerance, including: intolerance expressed by aggressive nationalism and ethnocentrism, discrimination and hostility against minorities, migrants and people of immigrant origin.

4. What does hate speech do? Hate speech defames, belittles, or dehumanizes a class of people on the basis of certain inherent properties typically race, ethnicity, gender or religion. Hate speech attributes to a certain class of people highly negative qualities taken to be inherent in members of the class. Hate speech originates Mainly from Discrimination Stereotyping

5. Defamation The dangers of defaming somebody on the internet have been brought to the fore, with a group of Sydney men now at risk of losing their jobs for bad-mouthing their boss on Facebook - 17 September 2009

6. What is Defamation Defamation is any intentional false communication, either written or spoken, that harms a person's reputation; decreases the respect, regard, or confidence in which a person is held; or encourages judgmental, aggressive, or disagreeable opinions or feelings against a person which humiliates them . Defamation can be both a criminal or civil charge. It includes both written statements, known as libel and spoken statements, called slander.

7. TYPES OF Defamation The right to freedom of expression is restricted when the expressions, whether spoken or written, are untrue and cause harm to another person. This publication of a statement of alleged fact that is false and harms another person is defamation. Two different types of defamation: Slander- oral defamatory Libel- written defamatory Although people have the right to express opinions, they must exercise care in their Internet communications to avoid possible charges of defamation.

8. Libel is to publish in print (including pictures), writing or broadcast through radio, television or film, something untrue about a person which will do harm to that person or their reputation. This is usually intentionally; aiming to bring the person down, making them look ridicule and trying to get the public to hate them. This relates to defamation as defamation includes libel and slander- slander is similar to libel as slander does exactly what libel does except it is spoken rather than written. LIBEL

9. SLANDER Slander is when someone orally tells one or more people something untrue about another person which harms the individuals reputation. Slander is a civil wrong (tort) and can be the basis for a complaint. Slander relates to defamation which is mentioned above as having to defame Someone includes slander. Slander is also very similar to libel as libel does exactly what slander does except it is written rather than spoken.

10. Libel/Defamation/Slander -Libel, defamation and slander are all very similar as they: Bring people down by untrue statements Tend to harm a person’s reputation Often try to decrease the persons respect and Confidence by doing this. REMEMBER although they are very similar, they are not the same thing !

11. Stereotypes A stereotype is a widely held, simplified, and essentialist belief about a specific group. Groups are often stereotyped on the basis of  sex ,  gender identity ,  race and ethnicity , nationality, age, socioeconomic status, language, and so forth. Stereotypes are deeply embedded within social institutions and wider culture. They are often evident even during the early stages of childhood, influencing and shaping how people interact with each other.

12. Stereotypes Contd For example, video game designers designed a game platform for girls in pink because that is what the parents (who purchase the game) perceived their girls wanted. The girls themselves preferred darker metallic colors ( Rommes , 2006). Gender stereotypes reflect normative notions of  femininities  and  masculinities ,  women  and  men . Yet, like all aspects of gender, what constitutes stereotypical femininity or masculinity varies among cultures and over historical time. Gender stereotypes typically portray femininities and masculinities as binary opposites or dualisms, as, for example, between emotionality and rationality.

13. Sources of Hate Speech 1. Racism

14. 2. Homophobia 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

15. Reasons for homophobia Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual. The reasons for homophobia are: Anxiety about the possibility of being or becoming a homosexual Belief that it’s contrary to a religion Traditional gender roles and stereotypes 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

16. 3. Sexism 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

17. Reasons for sexism Sexism is a bias or discrimination about a person's gender (biological and social). The reasons for sexism are: Sexism may involve both sexes, but it is addressed more often to women. It is directly linked to gender stereotypes and roles and it is based on the belief that one sex is superior to the other. 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

18. 4. Ageism 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

19. Reasons for ageism Age discrimination is a bias against a person or group based on age. The reasons for ageism are: The idea that older adults should move aside from high-paying jobs and prominent social roles to make way for younger people The idea that seniors should not consume so many scarce resources such as health care. 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

20. 5. Anti-Semitism 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

21. Reasons for anti-semitism Economic: Jews are hated because they possess too much wealth and power. Chosen People: Jews are hated because they arrogantly claim they are the chosen people. Scapegoat: Jews are a convenient group to single out and blame for all the troubles. Deicide: Jews are hated because they killed Jesus. Racial Theory: Jews are hated because they are an inferior race. 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

22. 6. Islamophobia 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

23. 7. Reasons for Islamophobia Islamophobia is an intense fear or hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism. The reasons for Islamophobia are: Intensive projection of bad news about Muslims and Islam It is a tool of public manipulation in order to manufacture consent for disastrous wars It is a tool in the hands of nationalist politicians in order to succeed in their election 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

24. The role of Social media and Internet in Hate speech Social media and the Internet have opened up for many new arenas for exchanging opinions. Opinions and debates challenge us as hate speech is spread widely and frequently on new platforms for publishing. 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

25. 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

26. When does hate speech become a crime? 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism

27. While typically hate speech has to be acted on to turn into a crime, there is a special exception, which stipulates that if someone uses words to "incite an immediate breach of peace", then he is no longer protected. Hate speech can also violate certain freedom of speech laws like slander (trying to damage someone's reputation with false spoken words) or libel (trying to damage someone's reputation through writing). 4th LTTA, Romania, Fight against discrimination and racism