Chapter neoplasia-basics general pathology

Neoplasm

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2. Neoplasia: New growth (Neoplasm);
* Oncology: ( Greek - Oncos - Tumor),
* Cancer: Malignant tumour ( Crab );
* Tumor:
Definitions:
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3. TUMOR: ( Rupert Willis)
“A neoplasm is an abnormal
mass of tissue, the growth of
which exceeds and is
uncoordinated with that of the
normal tissues and persists in the
same excessive manner after
cessation of the stimuli which
evoked the change”.
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4. Neoplasia - Disturbance in:
• Cell Proliferation -
(Immortality)
• Cell Differentiation -
(Resemblance to the cell
of origin)
•Relationship between cells & their
surrounding stroma;
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5. Common causes of death in
developed countries - WHO:
• VIOLENCE - - - - - - - - - - 7%,
• RESPIRATORY DISEASES - 8%,
• STROKES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 %,
• CANCER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 %,
• HEART ( ISCHAEMIA) - - - 22 %,
• ALL OTHER DISEASES - - 28 %;
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6. Worldwide

WHO Estimation – 2000 AD

•10 Million new cases of cancer,
•6 Million deaths;
•1500 Deaths / day
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8. 1. Lungs 1. Lungs --24.7%24.7%
2. Breast 2. Breast --16%16%
3. Colon & 3. Colon &
Rectum Rectum --10.5%10.5%
4. 4. LeukemiasLeukemias&&
LymphomasLymphomas--8.2%8.2%
5. Pancreas 5. Pancreas --5.5%5.5%
Cancer Death Rates ( Females ): www.similima.com 8

9. Classification:

Biological behavior
** Benign,
** Malignant;
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10. •Component structures:
-- Parenchyma,
-- Supportive Stroma with
blood vessels -
* If excessive
= Desmoplasia.
(Schirrous tumour)
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11. 1. Seeding of body cavities,
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12. NEOPLASIA ( Contd…..)
NOMENCLATURE
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13. Nomenclature :
CRITERIA USED:
(Hybrid of histiogenesis, function,
embryogenesis, biological behavior,
eponyms, gross and microscopic
structure & site of origin etc.)
• All have suffix …. oma
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14. Nomenclature ( contd….)
Connective Tissue Tumors:
•Benign - Tissue of origin + …oma,
Adipose tissue = Lipoma,
Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma
Smooth muscle cells= Leiomyoma,
Bone = Osteoma;
Cartilage = Chondroma,
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15. Nomenclature ( contd...)
Connective Tissue Tumors:
•Malignant - Tissue of origin + Sarcoma
Adipose Tissue Liposarcoma
Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle Leiomyosarcoma
Bone Osteosarcoma
Cartilage Chondrosarcoma www.similima.com 15

16. Nomenclature ( contd….)
Epithelial Tumors:
• Benign - Papilloma = Squamous,
= Transitional,
- Adenoma = Glands,
• Malignant - ……….Carcinoma,
*** Adeno……..
*** Sqamous cell ……
*** Transitional cell ……
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17. Nomenclature ( contd….)
Epithelial Tumors:
• Benign - Papilloma = Squamous,
= Transitional,

Polyp
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18. Nomenclature ( contd….)
Epithelial Tumors:
• Benign -



Glands or ducts - Adenoma,
- Cystadenoma,
- Papillary Cystadenoma;
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19. Nomenclature ( contd…)
Embryonal tumors
Origin - Primitive tissue,
• Retinoblastoma,
• Nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour),),
• Neuroblastoma,
• Hepatoblastoma,
• Medulloblastoma;
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20. Nomenclature ( contd…)
Eponyms
• Burkitt’s Lymphoma,
• Ewing’s Sarcoma,
• Kaposi’s Sarcoma;
• Hodgkin Disease [lymphoma];
• Wilms tumor,
• Warthin’s tumor,
• Grawitz’s tumor,
• Kruckenberg’s tumor;
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21. Nomenclature ( contd…)
•Miscellaneous:
•Teratoma - Tissues of all 3
embryonic layers,
• Mixed tumors -
- Epithelial + Mesenchymal tissues,
• Carcinoid tumours (APUDOMAS)
- Neuroendocrine cells;
• Insulinoma ( ß cell )
• Gastrinoma ( G – cells )
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22. Nomenclature ( contd…)
•Miscellaneous:
Developmental anomalies:
•Not true tumours,
•Clinically present as masses
•Hamartoma - ( Hamar - Error ),
… Indigenous tissues (haemangioma)
•Choristoma -
- Heterotopic tissues;
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23. Nomenclature ( contd… )
Misnomers:
• Lymphoma,
• Hepatoma -
(Hepatocellular carcinoma)
• Melanoma (Melanocarcinoma )
• Seminoma,
• Leukemia,
• Mesothelioma;
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