Chapter one of anatomy & physiology according to openstax college

Anatomy & physiology
Chapter one
Prepared by ph_Ali_bahgat
Telegram: al_bahga0
Whatsapp : [phone]
Email: [email protected]

1. Anatomy & physiology
chapter 1 : Introduction
prepared by Ali Bahgat prepared by Ali Bahgat prepared by Ali Bahgat

2. what is anatomy ?
Title
Chapter 1 - overview of Anatomy & physiology
> Is the study of structure ..
> section of anatomy :

1) Macroscopic / gross : see with unaided eye ..
•regional anatomy ( leg , arm .. )
•systemic anatomy ( lemphatic system ,nerves system)
•surface anatomy ( study external feature of the body)
2) Microscopic ( cytology , histology ) 3) developmental (embryolog)

3. what is physiology ?
Title•Is the study of function
•Indicate physiological variable ( Temp. , HR , BP ... )
> Example : 1.renophysiology.
2.neurophysiology.
3.cardiophysiology .

4. The Levels of Organization :
Title
1) Atom level : simplest unit of the elements

C,H,O,N = 96% of the body

2) molecule level :
H2O 60% of the body ,glucose C6H12O6 , proteins
DNA / RNA
3) Organelle level :
mitochondria , ER , Nucleus ....
4) cellular level : RBC , nerve cell ..
5) tissue levels : connective tissue
6) organ level : heart , lung
7) systemic level : CVS , NS ...
8) Organism level :
human , animal

5. SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

11. Homeostasis
•maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions despite continous changes in external
environment .. i.e. maintanance a dynamic state
of equilibrium ...
•Homeostasis controlled by (1) Nerves system
(fast control) and (2) Endocrine system (slow
control) .
•Homeostasis occurs by to mechanism :
1.Negative feedback ( 98% of feedback mechanism)
2.Positive feedback ( very rare )

12. Negative Feedback
(1)•Most mechanisms in the body (98%) .
•Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus .
•Response OPPOSITE of stimulus .
Example : •Regulation of
body temp.
controlled by NS .
•Regulation of
blood volume by
ADH that
controlled by
Endocrine
system .

13. Positive Feedback
(2)
•Response enhances or exaggerates orginal
stimulus
•Response in SAME direction as STIMULUS
•May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
•Usually controls infrequent events that do not
require continous adjustment
•Example :
1.Enhancement of labor contraction by
Oxytocin (Chapter 28 ).
2.platelet plug formation and blood clotting
.

14. Anatomical directionAnatomical directionAnatomical direction
• Superior: means the part is above another or closer to head (cranial ).
• Inferior: means the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal).
• Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain)
[ventral].
• Posterior: means toward the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral
cavity) - [dorsal].
• Medial: relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal
right and left halves (the nose is medial to the eyes).
• Lateral: means to words the side with respect to the imaginary midline
(the ears are lateral to the eyes).

17. •Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and descending colon
are ipsilateral).
• Contralateral: refers to the opposite side (the spleen and
gallbladder are contralateral).
• Proximal: is used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk
of the body or closer to another specified point of reference
than another part (the elbow is proximal to the wrist).
• Distal: it means that a particular body part is farther from the
trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than
another part (fingers are distal to the wrist).
• Superficial: means situated near the surface. Peripheral also
means outward or near the surface.
• Deep: is used to describe parts that are more internal.

19. Body cavities
1. Body cavities – hollow spaces within the human body that contain internal
organs.
a) The dorsal cavity:a) The dorsal cavity:a) The dorsal cavity: located toward the back of the body, is divided into
the cranial cavity (which holds the brain) and vertebral or spinal cavity (which
holds the spinal cord).
b) The ventral cavity:b) The ventral cavity:b) The ventral cavity: located toward the front of the body, is divided into
abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into abdominal cavity (which holds
liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidney, small, and large
intestines) and the pelvic cavity (which holds the urinary bladder and
reproductive organs).
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the pleural cavity (which holds the lungs)
and pericardial cavity (which holds the heart).

21. membran of the cavitymembran of the cavitymembran of the cavity
• Body membranes – tissue linings of
body cavities and coverings of internal
organs.
• parietal membrane lining of body
cavity (e.g. parietal pleural membrane
lines the pleural cavity).
• visceral membrane covering of
internal organ (e.g. visceral pleural
membrane lines the surface of the
lungs).

22. Body section
• Sagittal plane – divides the
body into left and right
sections.
• Midsagittal (median) plane –
divides the body into equal
halves at midline.
• Frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into anterior
and posterior sections.
• Transverse (horizontal)
plane – divides the body into
superior and inferior sections.

23. Abdominal region

24. commen name
• abdominal = region between
thorax and pelvis.
• antebrachial = the forearm.
• antecubital = the front of elbow.
• axillary = the armpit.
• brachial = the upper arm.
• celiac = the abdomen.
• cephalic = the head.
• cervical = the neck.
• costal = the ribs.
• cubital = the elbow.
• femoral = the thigh.
• gluteal = the buttock.
• lumbar = the lower back.