Chapter three embedded system corse ppt AASTU.pdf
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About This Presentation
embedded system
Slide Content
College of Engineering
Department of Software Engineering
Course Title: Embedded System
Course Code: (SWEG4102)
Chapter 3: Hardware level programming of
embedded systems
By: Kassahun Admkie
PhD candidate in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics , AASTU
March, 2024
1
Department of Software Engineering
Course Title: Embedded System
Course Code: (SWEG4102)
Chapter 3: Hardware level programming of
embedded systems
By: Kassahun Admkie
PhD candidate in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics , AASTU
March, 2024
1
Outline
Chapter 3: Hardware level programming of
embedded systems
3.1 Programming in C
3.2 Development platforms for embedded
software
3.3 Introduction to Arduino
2
Chapter 3: Hardware level programming of
embedded systems
3.1 Programming in C
3.2 Development platforms for embedded
software
3.3 Introduction to Arduino
2
Chapter 3. Hardware level programming of
embedded systems
➢ Programming embedded systems at the hardware level involves writing software that
directly interacts with the underlying hardware components without the abstraction
provided by operating systems.
➢This type of programming is often done in languages like Assembly or utilizing low-
level languages like C to access specific registers and control hardware peripherals.
➢Here are the key aspects of hardware-level programming for embedded systems:
1. Understanding the Hardware:
❑ Before diving into hardware-level programming, it's crucial to have a deep understanding of
the embedded system's hardware architecture.
❑ This includes knowledge of the microcontroller or microprocessor, memory organization, I/O
ports, and other peripherals.
3
embedded systems
➢ Programming embedded systems at the hardware level involves writing software that
directly interacts with the underlying hardware components without the abstraction
provided by operating systems.
➢This type of programming is often done in languages like Assembly or utilizing low-
level languages like C to access specific registers and control hardware peripherals.
➢Here are the key aspects of hardware-level programming for embedded systems:
1. Understanding the Hardware:
❑ Before diving into hardware-level programming, it's crucial to have a deep understanding of
the embedded system's hardware architecture.
❑ This includes knowledge of the microcontroller or microprocessor, memory organization, I/O
ports, and other peripherals.
3
Hardware level …
2. Choosing the Right Language:
❑ While Assembly language is the most direct way to program at the hardware level, it
can be complex and platform-specific.
❑ Many embedded systems are programmed in low-level languages like C, which
allows for more abstraction while still providing control over hardware components.
3. Accessing Memory and Registers:
❑ Embedded systems typically have specific memory addresses and registers
associated with various hardware components.
❑ In hardware-level programming, you directly manipulate these addresses and
registers to control and communicate with peripherals.
4
2. Choosing the Right Language:
❑ While Assembly language is the most direct way to program at the hardware level, it
can be complex and platform-specific.
❑ Many embedded systems are programmed in low-level languages like C, which
allows for more abstraction while still providing control over hardware components.
3. Accessing Memory and Registers:
❑ Embedded systems typically have specific memory addresses and registers
associated with various hardware components.
❑ In hardware-level programming, you directly manipulate these addresses and
registers to control and communicate with peripherals.
4
Hardware level …
4. Peripheral Programming:
❑ Embedded systems often include peripherals such as timers, GPIO (General
Purpose Input/Output) pins, UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter),
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), ADC (Analog-to-
Digital Converter), and more.
❑ Hardware-level programming involves configuring and controlling these peripherals.
❑ Example (Using C):
// Configuring GPIO pins as output
#define GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x40004000)
GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 as output
// Writing to GPIO pins
#define GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x400043FC)
GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 high 5
4. Peripheral Programming:
❑ Embedded systems often include peripherals such as timers, GPIO (General
Purpose Input/Output) pins, UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter),
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), ADC (Analog-to-
Digital Converter), and more.
❑ Hardware-level programming involves configuring and controlling these peripherals.
❑ Example (Using C):
// Configuring GPIO pins as output
#define GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x40004000)
GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 as output
// Writing to GPIO pins
#define GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x400043FC)
GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 high 5
Hardware level …
5. Interrupt Handling:
❑ Hardware-level programming includes managing interrupts directly.
❑This involves configuring interrupt registers, writing interrupt service routines
(ISRs), and handling interrupt requests from peripherals or external events.
❑ Example (Using C):
// Configuring and enabling interrupts for a timer
#define TIMER0_CTL_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x4003000C)
#define NVIC_EN0_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0xE000E100)
TIMER0_CTL_REG |= 0x01; // Enable timer
NVIC_EN0_REG |= 1 << 19; // Enable interrupt for Timer 0
6
5. Interrupt Handling:
❑ Hardware-level programming includes managing interrupts directly.
❑This involves configuring interrupt registers, writing interrupt service routines
(ISRs), and handling interrupt requests from peripherals or external events.
❑ Example (Using C):
// Configuring and enabling interrupts for a timer
#define TIMER0_CTL_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x4003000C)
#define NVIC_EN0_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0xE000E100)
TIMER0_CTL_REG |= 0x01; // Enable timer
NVIC_EN0_REG |= 1 << 19; // Enable interrupt for Timer 0
6
Hardware level …
6. Memory Management:
➢In embedded systems, memory management is crucial.
➢Hardware-level programming involves managing both RAM and ROM
effectively, considering factors like data storage, program execution, and
optimization.
7. Real-time Constraints:
➢Many embedded systems have real-time constraints, requiring careful
consideration of timing and responsiveness.
➢Hardware-level programming allows for precise control over timing-
critical operations.
7
6. Memory Management:
➢In embedded systems, memory management is crucial.
➢Hardware-level programming involves managing both RAM and ROM
effectively, considering factors like data storage, program execution, and
optimization.
7. Real-time Constraints:
➢Many embedded systems have real-time constraints, requiring careful
consideration of timing and responsiveness.
➢Hardware-level programming allows for precise control over timing-
critical operations.
7
Hardware level …
8. Testing and Debugging:
Debugging at the hardware level can be challenging. Techniques such as
using debugging tools, logic analyzers, and in-circuit emulators can aid in
identifying and fixing issues.
9. Energy Efficiency:
Optimizing code for energy efficiency is often a consideration in
embedded systems. Hardware-level programming allows for fine-tuning to
minimize power consumption.
8
8. Testing and Debugging:
Debugging at the hardware level can be challenging. Techniques such as
using debugging tools, logic analyzers, and in-circuit emulators can aid in
identifying and fixing issues.
9. Energy Efficiency:
Optimizing code for energy efficiency is often a consideration in
embedded systems. Hardware-level programming allows for fine-tuning to
minimize power consumption.
8
Hardware level …
10. Documentation and Standards:
➢Maintain clear documentation of memory addresses, register configurations, and other
hardware-related information.
➢Adhere to hardware-specific standards and guidelines to ensure portability and maintainability.
➢Challenges:
• Lack of portability due to hardware-specific code.
• Steeper learning curve, especially when dealing with Assembly language.
• Limited tool support compared to higher-level languages.
➢Advantages:
• Fine-grained control over hardware resources.
• Efficient code execution, crucial for resource-constrained devices.
• Well-suited for systems with real-time constraints.
9
10. Documentation and Standards:
➢Maintain clear documentation of memory addresses, register configurations, and other
hardware-related information.
➢Adhere to hardware-specific standards and guidelines to ensure portability and maintainability.
➢Challenges:
• Lack of portability due to hardware-specific code.
• Steeper learning curve, especially when dealing with Assembly language.
• Limited tool support compared to higher-level languages.
➢Advantages:
• Fine-grained control over hardware resources.
• Efficient code execution, crucial for resource-constrained devices.
• Well-suited for systems with real-time constraints.
9
3.1 Programming in C
➢ Programming in C for embedded systems is a common practice due to the
language's efficiency, portability, and ability to access low-level hardware features.
➢When working with embedded systems, C allows you to write code that directly
interacts with the hardware, making it well-suited for resource-constrained devices.
➢Here are key considerations and examples for programming in C for embedded
systems:
1. Toolchain Setup:
➢ Set up a C compiler and development environment tailored for your embedded system.
➢This includes tools such as compilers, linkers, and debuggers. Popular choices include GCC for
cross-compiling and IDEs like Eclipse or Visual Studio with appropriate plugins.
10
➢ Programming in C for embedded systems is a common practice due to the
language's efficiency, portability, and ability to access low-level hardware features.
➢When working with embedded systems, C allows you to write code that directly
interacts with the hardware, making it well-suited for resource-constrained devices.
➢Here are key considerations and examples for programming in C for embedded
systems:
1. Toolchain Setup:
➢ Set up a C compiler and development environment tailored for your embedded system.
➢This includes tools such as compilers, linkers, and debuggers. Popular choices include GCC for
cross-compiling and IDEs like Eclipse or Visual Studio with appropriate plugins.
10
Programming in C
2. Memory Management:
➢C provides control over memory, which is crucial in embedded systems.
➢Be mindful of stack and heap usage, and allocate memory efficiently.
➢Utilize static memory allocation where possible to avoid dynamic memory
management overhead.
➢Example:
// Static memory allocation
int buffer[100]; // Allocates an array of 100 integers statically
11
2. Memory Management:
➢C provides control over memory, which is crucial in embedded systems.
➢Be mindful of stack and heap usage, and allocate memory efficiently.
➢Utilize static memory allocation where possible to avoid dynamic memory
management overhead.
➢Example:
// Static memory allocation
int buffer[100]; // Allocates an array of 100 integers statically
11
Programming in C
3. Data Types:
➢ Understand the data types provided by C and their representation in memory.
➢ Choose appropriate data types to conserve memory and ensure efficient data handling.
Example:
// Define a structure to represent a sensor reading
struct SensorData {
int sensorId;
float value;
};
12
3. Data Types:
➢ Understand the data types provided by C and their representation in memory.
➢ Choose appropriate data types to conserve memory and ensure efficient data handling.
Example:
// Define a structure to represent a sensor reading
struct SensorData {
int sensorId;
float value;
};
12
Programming in C
4. Bit Manipulation:
➢ C allows manipulation of individual bits, a common requirement in
embedded systems for configuring registers and controlling hardware.
➢ Example:
// Set a specific bit in a register
#define REG_ADDR 0x40004000
*((volatile uint32_t*) REG_ADDR) |= (1 << 5); // Set bit 5
13
4. Bit Manipulation:
➢ C allows manipulation of individual bits, a common requirement in
embedded systems for configuring registers and controlling hardware.
➢ Example:
// Set a specific bit in a register
#define REG_ADDR 0x40004000
*((volatile uint32_t*) REG_ADDR) |= (1 << 5); // Set bit 5
13
Programming in C
5. I/O Operations:
➢Directly access and manipulate I/O ports and peripherals using C to control
external devices like sensors, LEDs, or communication interfaces.
➢ Example:
// Configuring GPIO pin as output
#define GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x40004000)
GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 as output
// Writing to GPIO pin
#define GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x400043FC)
GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 high
14
5. I/O Operations:
➢Directly access and manipulate I/O ports and peripherals using C to control
external devices like sensors, LEDs, or communication interfaces.
➢ Example:
// Configuring GPIO pin as output
#define GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x40004000)
GPIO_PORTA_DIR_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 as output
// Writing to GPIO pin
#define GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x400043FC)
GPIO_PORTA_DATA_REG |= 0x01; // Set pin 0 high
14
Programming in C
6. Interrupt Handling:
➢C allows you to write Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) to handle interrupts from peripherals or
external events.
➢Example:
// ISR for Timer 0
void Timer0_ISR(void) {
// Handle timer interrupt
}
// Setting up Timer 0 interrupt
#define TIMER0_CTL_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x4003000C)
#define NVIC_EN0_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0xE000E100)
TIMER0_CTL_REG |= 0x01; // Enable timer
NVIC_EN0_REG |= 1 << 19; // Enable interrupt for Timer 0
15
6. Interrupt Handling:
➢C allows you to write Interrupt Service Routines (ISRs) to handle interrupts from peripherals or
external events.
➢Example:
// ISR for Timer 0
void Timer0_ISR(void) {
// Handle timer interrupt
}
// Setting up Timer 0 interrupt
#define TIMER0_CTL_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0x4003000C)
#define NVIC_EN0_REG *((volatile uint32_t*) 0xE000E100)
TIMER0_CTL_REG |= 0x01; // Enable timer
NVIC_EN0_REG |= 1 << 19; // Enable interrupt for Timer 0
15
Programming in C
7. Avoiding Standard Libraries:
➢ In resource-constrained environments, it's common to avoid using standard libraries to
reduce code size.
➢Instead, implement only the necessary functionalities.
8. Real-time Considerations:
➢In real-time systems, ensure that critical operations meet timing constraints.
➢ Minimize interrupt latency and use timer peripherals effectively.
9. Debugging Techniques:
➢ Embedded systems may not have sophisticated debugging tools.
➢Use techniques like printf debugging, LEDs, or serial communication for debugging.
16
7. Avoiding Standard Libraries:
➢ In resource-constrained environments, it's common to avoid using standard libraries to
reduce code size.
➢Instead, implement only the necessary functionalities.
8. Real-time Considerations:
➢In real-time systems, ensure that critical operations meet timing constraints.
➢ Minimize interrupt latency and use timer peripherals effectively.
9. Debugging Techniques:
➢ Embedded systems may not have sophisticated debugging tools.
➢Use techniques like printf debugging, LEDs, or serial communication for debugging.
16
Programming in C
10. Documentation and Comments:
➢Thoroughly document your code, especially memory addresses, register configurations, and
critical sections.
➢Use comments to explain the purpose of code sections.
11. Testing on Target Hardware:
➢ Frequently test your code on the target hardware to ensure compatibility and identify issues
early in the development process.
➢ Programming in C for embedded systems requires a balance between low-level hardware
control and higher-level abstraction.
➢With C, you have the flexibility to optimize for performance while maintaining a reasonable
level of portability.
➢Deep understanding of the hardware, efficient memory management, and careful
consideration of real-time requirements are key to successful embedded C programming
17
10. Documentation and Comments:
➢Thoroughly document your code, especially memory addresses, register configurations, and
critical sections.
➢Use comments to explain the purpose of code sections.
11. Testing on Target Hardware:
➢ Frequently test your code on the target hardware to ensure compatibility and identify issues
early in the development process.
➢ Programming in C for embedded systems requires a balance between low-level hardware
control and higher-level abstraction.
➢With C, you have the flexibility to optimize for performance while maintaining a reasonable
level of portability.
➢Deep understanding of the hardware, efficient memory management, and careful
consideration of real-time requirements are key to successful embedded C programming
17
3.2 Development platforms for embedded
software
➢Development platforms for embedded software provide the necessary tools,
libraries, and frameworks to facilitate the development of firmware and
applications for embedded systems.
➢These platforms typically include integrated development environments (IDEs),
compilers, debuggers, and libraries tailored for embedded development.
➢Here are some popular development platforms used in the industry:
1. Arduino:
➢ Description: Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform widely
used for prototyping and developing embedded systems.
18
software
➢Development platforms for embedded software provide the necessary tools,
libraries, and frameworks to facilitate the development of firmware and
applications for embedded systems.
➢These platforms typically include integrated development environments (IDEs),
compilers, debuggers, and libraries tailored for embedded development.
➢Here are some popular development platforms used in the industry:
1. Arduino:
➢ Description: Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform widely
used for prototyping and developing embedded systems.
18
Development platforms…
➢ Features:
• Arduino IDE: Provides a simple yet powerful integrated development
environment for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.
• Extensive library support: Arduino libraries offer pre-written code for
interfacing with sensors, actuators, displays, communication modules, etc.
• Beginner-friendly: Arduino is known for its ease of use, making it suitable for
beginners and experienced developers alike.
19
➢ Features:
• Arduino IDE: Provides a simple yet powerful integrated development
environment for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.
• Extensive library support: Arduino libraries offer pre-written code for
interfacing with sensors, actuators, displays, communication modules, etc.
• Beginner-friendly: Arduino is known for its ease of use, making it suitable for
beginners and experienced developers alike.
19
Development platforms…
2. Raspberry Pi:
➢ Description: Raspberry Pi is a series of single-board computers popular for
embedded projects, IoT applications, and educational purposes.
➢ Features:
• Raspberry Pi OS: A Linux-based operating system optimized for Raspberry Pi
boards, providing a familiar environment for software development.
• GPIO pins: Raspberry Pi boards feature GPIO pins for interfacing with external
hardware components, making them versatile for various projects.
• Diverse applications: Raspberry Pi can be used for home automation, robotics,
media centres, and more.
20
2. Raspberry Pi:
➢ Description: Raspberry Pi is a series of single-board computers popular for
embedded projects, IoT applications, and educational purposes.
➢ Features:
• Raspberry Pi OS: A Linux-based operating system optimized for Raspberry Pi
boards, providing a familiar environment for software development.
• GPIO pins: Raspberry Pi boards feature GPIO pins for interfacing with external
hardware components, making them versatile for various projects.
• Diverse applications: Raspberry Pi can be used for home automation, robotics,
media centres, and more.
20
Development platforms…
3. Platform IO:
➢ Description: Platform IO is an open-source ecosystem for IoT development
compatible with various development platforms, including Arduino, ESP8266,
ESP32, Raspberry Pi, and many others.
➢ Features:
• Cross-platform IDE: PlatformIO integrates with popular IDEs such as Visual
Studio Code, Atom, and Eclipse, providing a unified development environment.
• Library manager: PlatformIO includes a library manager for easy installation and
management of libraries.
• Built-in support for debugging, unit testing, and continuous integration.
21
3. Platform IO:
➢ Description: Platform IO is an open-source ecosystem for IoT development
compatible with various development platforms, including Arduino, ESP8266,
ESP32, Raspberry Pi, and many others.
➢ Features:
• Cross-platform IDE: PlatformIO integrates with popular IDEs such as Visual
Studio Code, Atom, and Eclipse, providing a unified development environment.
• Library manager: PlatformIO includes a library manager for easy installation and
management of libraries.
• Built-in support for debugging, unit testing, and continuous integration.
21
Development platforms…
4. STM32CubeIDE:
➢ Description: STM32CubeIDE is an integrated development environment from
STMicroelectronics tailored for STM32 microcontrollers.
➢ Features:
• Eclipse-based IDE: STM32CubeIDE is based on the Eclipse IDE, offering a
familiar environment for developers.
• STM32CubeMX: Integrated with STM32CubeMX, a graphical tool for
configuring STM32 microcontrollers and generating initialization code.
• Hardware debugging: Supports hardware debugging using ST-LINK or other
compatible debuggers.
22
4. STM32CubeIDE:
➢ Description: STM32CubeIDE is an integrated development environment from
STMicroelectronics tailored for STM32 microcontrollers.
➢ Features:
• Eclipse-based IDE: STM32CubeIDE is based on the Eclipse IDE, offering a
familiar environment for developers.
• STM32CubeMX: Integrated with STM32CubeMX, a graphical tool for
configuring STM32 microcontrollers and generating initialization code.
• Hardware debugging: Supports hardware debugging using ST-LINK or other
compatible debuggers.
22
Development platforms…
5. Keil µVision:
➢ Description: Keil µVision is a popular IDE for developing firmware for
microcontrollers, particularly those based on ARM Cortex-M architectures.
➢ Features:
• ARM compiler: Includes a compiler specifically optimized for ARM Cortex-M
processors, providing efficient code generation.
• Simulation and debugging: Supports simulation and debugging of embedded
applications using various debug probes.
• RTOS support: Offers integration with popular real-time operating systems
(RTOS) like FreeRTOS, CMSIS-RTOS, etc.
23
5. Keil µVision:
➢ Description: Keil µVision is a popular IDE for developing firmware for
microcontrollers, particularly those based on ARM Cortex-M architectures.
➢ Features:
• ARM compiler: Includes a compiler specifically optimized for ARM Cortex-M
processors, providing efficient code generation.
• Simulation and debugging: Supports simulation and debugging of embedded
applications using various debug probes.
• RTOS support: Offers integration with popular real-time operating systems
(RTOS) like FreeRTOS, CMSIS-RTOS, etc.
23
Development platforms…
6. Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF):
➢ Description: ESP-IDF is the official development framework for ESP32 and
ESP8266 microcontrollers from Espressif Systems.
➢ Features:
• FreeRTOS-based: ESP-IDF is built on top of FreeRTOS, providing support for
multitasking and real-time operations.
• Command-line tools: Includes a set of command-line tools for project
configuration, building, flashing, and debugging.
• Rich peripheral support: Offers APIs and drivers for various peripherals like
GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
24
6. Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF):
➢ Description: ESP-IDF is the official development framework for ESP32 and
ESP8266 microcontrollers from Espressif Systems.
➢ Features:
• FreeRTOS-based: ESP-IDF is built on top of FreeRTOS, providing support for
multitasking and real-time operations.
• Command-line tools: Includes a set of command-line tools for project
configuration, building, flashing, and debugging.
• Rich peripheral support: Offers APIs and drivers for various peripherals like
GPIO, UART, SPI, I2C, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
24
Development platforms…
7. NI LabVIEW:
➢ Description: LabVIEW from National Instruments is a graphical programming
environment commonly used for test, measurement, and control applications,
including embedded systems.
➢ Features:
• Graphical programming: LabVIEW uses a dataflow programming model with graphical
representations of code, making it accessible to engineers and scientists.
• Real-time and FPGA modules: LabVIEW includes modules for developing real-time
and FPGA-based embedded systems.
• Hardware integration: Supports integration with NI hardware platforms, including
CompactRIO and Single-Board RIO, for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing and control
applications.
25
7. NI LabVIEW:
➢ Description: LabVIEW from National Instruments is a graphical programming
environment commonly used for test, measurement, and control applications,
including embedded systems.
➢ Features:
• Graphical programming: LabVIEW uses a dataflow programming model with graphical
representations of code, making it accessible to engineers and scientists.
• Real-time and FPGA modules: LabVIEW includes modules for developing real-time
and FPGA-based embedded systems.
• Hardware integration: Supports integration with NI hardware platforms, including
CompactRIO and Single-Board RIO, for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing and control
applications.
25
Development platforms…
➢ These development platforms provide a range of features and tools to support
embedded software development across different hardware architectures and
applications.
➢The choice of platform depends on factors such as project requirements,
familiarity with tools, hardware compatibility, and ecosystem support.
26
➢ These development platforms provide a range of features and tools to support
embedded software development across different hardware architectures and
applications.
➢The choice of platform depends on factors such as project requirements,
familiarity with tools, hardware compatibility, and ecosystem support.
26
3.3 Introduction to Arduino
➢Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform designed for
hobbyists, makers, students, and professionals to create interactive electronic
projects.
➢It consists of both physical programmable circuit boards (microcontroller
boards) and a software development environment used to write and upload
code to the board.
➢Arduino boards are widely used in various fields, including electronics, robotics,
IoT (Internet of Things), automation, and education.
27
➢Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform designed for
hobbyists, makers, students, and professionals to create interactive electronic
projects.
➢It consists of both physical programmable circuit boards (microcontroller
boards) and a software development environment used to write and upload
code to the board.
➢Arduino boards are widely used in various fields, including electronics, robotics,
IoT (Internet of Things), automation, and education.
27
Development platforms for…
➢Here's an overview of the key aspects of Arduino:
1. Hardware: Arduino boards come in various shapes and sizes, but they
typically share common components:
❑ Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino board, responsible for executing code
and controlling attached peripherals.
❑ Common microcontroller families used in Arduino include ATmega (e.g.,
ATmega328 for Arduino Uno) and ARM Cortex-M (e.g., SAMD21 for Arduino Zero).
❑ Input/Output (I/O) Pins: These pins allow the Arduino to interface with external
devices such as sensors, LEDs, motors, and displays.
❑ Arduino boards typically feature digital pins (for binary input/output) and analogue
pins (for analogue input).
28
➢Here's an overview of the key aspects of Arduino:
1. Hardware: Arduino boards come in various shapes and sizes, but they
typically share common components:
❑ Microcontroller: The heart of the Arduino board, responsible for executing code
and controlling attached peripherals.
❑ Common microcontroller families used in Arduino include ATmega (e.g.,
ATmega328 for Arduino Uno) and ARM Cortex-M (e.g., SAMD21 for Arduino Zero).
❑ Input/Output (I/O) Pins: These pins allow the Arduino to interface with external
devices such as sensors, LEDs, motors, and displays.
❑ Arduino boards typically feature digital pins (for binary input/output) and analogue
pins (for analogue input).
28
Development platforms for…
❑ Power Supply: Arduino boards can be powered via USB, battery, or an external
power supply.
❑They often include voltage regulators to provide stable power to the components.
❑ USB Interface: Enables communication between the Arduino board and a
computer for programming and serial communication.
2. Software Development Environment: The Arduino software development
environment, often referred to as the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), provides a user-friendly platform for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to Arduino boards. Key features include:
29
❑ Power Supply: Arduino boards can be powered via USB, battery, or an external
power supply.
❑They often include voltage regulators to provide stable power to the components.
❑ USB Interface: Enables communication between the Arduino board and a
computer for programming and serial communication.
2. Software Development Environment: The Arduino software development
environment, often referred to as the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), provides a user-friendly platform for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to Arduino boards. Key features include:
29
Development platforms for…
➢Key features of Arduino software development environment
include:
❑Code Editor: A text editor for writing Arduino sketches (programs) using a
simplified version of the C++ programming language.
❑Compiler: The Arduino IDE includes a compiler that translates sketches into
machine code compatible with the target microcontroller.
❑Library Support: Arduino offers a vast collection of libraries providing pre-
written code for interfacing with various sensors, actuators, communication
modules, and other peripherals.
❑Serial Monitor: A tool for debugging and serial communication between the
Arduino board and a connected computer.
30
➢Key features of Arduino software development environment
include:
❑Code Editor: A text editor for writing Arduino sketches (programs) using a
simplified version of the C++ programming language.
❑Compiler: The Arduino IDE includes a compiler that translates sketches into
machine code compatible with the target microcontroller.
❑Library Support: Arduino offers a vast collection of libraries providing pre-
written code for interfacing with various sensors, actuators, communication
modules, and other peripherals.
❑Serial Monitor: A tool for debugging and serial communication between the
Arduino board and a connected computer.
30
Development platforms for…
3. Programming with Arduino:
➢ Programming with Arduino involves writing sketches, which are small
programs written in C/C++ syntax.
➢ Each sketch typically consists of two main functions:
▪setup(): This function is called once when the Arduino board is powered on or
reset. It is used to initialize variables, configure pins, and perform setup tasks.
▪loop(): The loop function runs continuously after the setup function completes. It
contains the main logic of the program and is where most of the action happens.
31
3. Programming with Arduino:
➢ Programming with Arduino involves writing sketches, which are small
programs written in C/C++ syntax.
➢ Each sketch typically consists of two main functions:
▪setup(): This function is called once when the Arduino board is powered on or
reset. It is used to initialize variables, configure pins, and perform setup tasks.
▪loop(): The loop function runs continuously after the setup function completes. It
contains the main logic of the program and is where most of the action happens.
31
Development platforms for…
➢ Here's a simple example of an Arduino sketch that blinks an LED connected to pin 13:
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
32
➢ Here's a simple example of an Arduino sketch that blinks an LED connected to pin 13:
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn off the LED
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
32
Development platforms for…
4. Community and Ecosystem: Arduino boasts a large and active
community of users, makers, educators, and developers.
➢ The Arduino community shares projects, tutorials, and resources,
making it easy to learn and get support.
➢ Additionally, Arduino-compatible boards and components are widely
available from various vendors, providing flexibility and compatibility with
different hardware configurations.
33
4. Community and Ecosystem: Arduino boasts a large and active
community of users, makers, educators, and developers.
➢ The Arduino community shares projects, tutorials, and resources,
making it easy to learn and get support.
➢ Additionally, Arduino-compatible boards and components are widely
available from various vendors, providing flexibility and compatibility with
different hardware configurations.
33
Development platforms for…
5. Applications of Arduino: Arduino boards are used in a wide range of
applications, including:
➢ DIY Electronics Projects: Building robots, home automation systems,
weather stations, and interactive art installations.
➢ Educational Purposes: Teaching electronics, programming, and robotics
in schools, colleges, and maker spaces.
➢ Prototyping and Product Development: Rapid prototyping of electronic
prototypes and proof-of-concept projects for commercial products.
34
5. Applications of Arduino: Arduino boards are used in a wide range of
applications, including:
➢ DIY Electronics Projects: Building robots, home automation systems,
weather stations, and interactive art installations.
➢ Educational Purposes: Teaching electronics, programming, and robotics
in schools, colleges, and maker spaces.
➢ Prototyping and Product Development: Rapid prototyping of electronic
prototypes and proof-of-concept projects for commercial products.
34
Development platforms for…
➢ Arduino provides a versatile platform for electronics enthusiasts and
professionals to bring their ideas to life.
➢With its easy-to-use hardware and software ecosystem, Arduino enables
users to create innovative projects and explore the world of electronics,
programming, and physical computing.
➢Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, Arduino offers a
welcoming and supportive environment for learning, experimenting, and
building cool stuff!
35
➢ Arduino provides a versatile platform for electronics enthusiasts and
professionals to bring their ideas to life.
➢With its easy-to-use hardware and software ecosystem, Arduino enables
users to create innovative projects and explore the world of electronics,
programming, and physical computing.
➢Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, Arduino offers a
welcoming and supportive environment for learning, experimenting, and
building cool stuff!
35
End of Chapter
Three
!!!
36
Three
!!!
36
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