chapter10: Food Soil and Pest Management.ppt

Food Soil and PEst Management

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE13e
CHAPTER 10:
Food, Soil, and Pest
Management

2. Core Case Study: Is Organic
Agriculture the Answer? (1)
•Organic agriculture as a component
of sustainable agriculture
•Certified organic farming:
–Less than 1% of world cropland
–0.1% of U.S. cropland
–6-18% in many European countries

3. Core Case Study: Is Organic
Agriculture the Answer? (2)
•Many environmental advantages over
conventional farming
•Requires more human labor
•Organic food costs 10-75% more than
conventionally grown food
•Cheaper than conventionally grown food
when environmental costs are included

4. Fig. 10-1, p. 206

5. Fig. 10-1, p. 206
Uses synthetic inorganic fertilizers and
sewage sludge to supply plant nutrients
Makes use of synthetic
chemical pesticides
Industrialized Agriculture
Uses conventional and genetically
modified seeds
Depends on nonrenewable fossil fuels
(mostly oil and natural gas)
Produces significant air and water
pollution and greenhouse gases
Is globally export-oriented
Uses antibiotics and growth hormones
to produce meat and meat products

6. Fig. 10-1, p. 206
Uses no antibiotics or growth hormones
to produce meat and meat products
Emphasizes prevention of soil erosion
and the use of organic fertilizers such as
animal manure and compost, but no
sewage sludge to help replace lost plant
nutrients
Employs crop rotation and biological
pest control
Uses no genetically modified seeds
Makes greater use of renewable energy
such as solar and wind power for
generating electricity
Produces less air and water pollution
and greenhouse gases
Is regionally and locally oriented
Organic Agriculture

7. 10-1 What Is Food Security and
Why Is It So Difficult to Attain?
•Concept 10-1A Many of the poor have
health problems from not getting enough
food, while many people in affluent countries
suffer health problems from eating too much.
•Concept 10-1B The greatest obstacles to
providing enough food for everyone are
poverty, political upheaval, corruption, war,
and the harmful environmental effects of
food production.

8. Poor Lack Sufficient Food
•Enough food for all – but in
developing countries 1/6 do not get
enough to eat
•Poverty – Food insecurity
–Chronic hunger
–Poor nutrition
•Food security

9. Nutrition
•Macronutrients and micronutrients
•Chronic undernutrition
•Malnutrition
–Low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet
–Physical and mental health problems
–6 million children die each year
•Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

10. Supplement 3, Fig. 11, p. S12

11. Fig. 10-2, p. 208

12. Fig. 10-3, p. 209

13. Overnutrition
•Too many calories, too little exercise, or both
•Similar overall health outlook as
undernourished
•1.6 billion people eat too much
•66% of American adults overweight, 34%
obese
–Heart disease and stroke
–Type II diabetes and some cancers

14. 10-2 How Is Food Produced?
•Concept 10-2 We have used high-
input industrialized agriculture and
lower-input traditional methods to
greatly increase supplies of food.

15. Where We Get Food (1)
•Major sources:
–Croplands
–Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots
–Fisheries and aquaculture

16. Where We Get Food (2)
•Since 1960 tremendous increase in
food supply
–Better farm machinery
–High-tech fishing fleets
–Irrigation
–Pesticides and fertilizers
–High-yield varieties

17. Only a Few Species Feed the
World
•Food specialization in small number
of crops makes us vulnerable
•14 plant species provide 90% of
world food calories
•47% of world food calories comes
from rice, wheat, and corn

18. Industrialized Agriculture (1)
•High-input agriculture – monocultures
•Large amounts of:
–Heavy equipment
–Financial capital
–Fossil fuels
–Water
–Commercial inorganic fertilizers
–Pesticides
•Much food produced for global consumption

19. Industrialized Agriculture (2)
•Plantation agriculture primarily in
tropics
–Bananas
–Sugarcane
–Coffee
–Vegetables
–Exported primarily to developed countries

20. Traditional Agriculture
•2.7 billion people in developing
countries
•Traditional subsistence agriculture
•Traditional intensive agriculture
•Monoculture
•Polyculture

21. Science Focus: Soil is the Base
of Life on Land (1)
•Soil composed of
–Eroded rock
–Mineral nutrients
–Decaying organic matter
–Water
–Air
–Organisms

22. Science Focus: Soil is the Base
of Life on Land (2)
•Soil is a key component of earth’s
natural capital
•Soil profile
–O Horizon
–A horizon
–B horizon
–C horizon

23. Fig. 10-A, p. 211

24. Fig. 10-A, p. 211
Rock
fragments
Moss and
lichen
Organic
debris
Grasses and
small shrubs
Young soil
Immature soil
Bedrock
Bacteria
Fungus
O horizon
Leaf litter
A horizon
Topsoil
B horizon
Subsoil
C horizon
Parent
material
Mite
Nematode
Mole
Beetle larvaRed earth mite
Root system
Wood
sorrel
Earthworm
Millipede
FernOak
tree
Honey
fungus
Mature soil

25. Green Revolution
•Three-step green revolution
–Selectively bred monocultures
–High yields through high inputs – fertilizer,
pesticides, and water
–Multiple cropping
•Second green revolution – fast-growing
dwarf varieties of wheat and rice
•1950-1996 – world grain production tripled

26. Fig. 10-4, p. 212

27. Case Study: Industrialized Food
Production in the U.S.
•Industrialized farming agribusiness
•Increasing number of giant
multinational corporations
•~10% U.S. income spent on food
•Subsidized through taxes

28. Case Study: Brazil – The World’s
Emerging Food Superpower
•Ample sun, water, and arable land
•EMBRAPA – government agricultural
research corporation
•2-3 crops per year in tropical savanna
•Lack of transportation impeding
further growth as food exporter

29. Production of New Crop
Varieties
•Traditional
–Crossbreeding
–Artificial selection
–Slow process
•Genetic engineering
–Genetic engineering
•>75% of U.S. supermarket food
genetically engineered

30. Fig. 10-5, p. 214

31. Fig. 10-5, p. 214

32. Fig. 10-5, p. 214

33. Phase 1
Gene Transfer Preparations
Host cell
Enzymes integrate plasmid
into host cell DNA.
A. tumefaciens
(agrobacterium)
Agrobacterium takes up plasmid
Foreign gene integrated into
plasmid DNA.
plasmid
Extract
plasmid
A. tumefaciens
Plant cell
Foreign gene
if interest
Extract DNA
Phase 2
Make Transgenic Cell
Fig. 10-5, p. 214

34. Phase 3
Grow Genetically
Engineered Plant
Foreign DNA
Host DNA
Nucleus
Transgenic
plant cell
Cell division of
transgenic cells
Cultured cells
divide and grow
into plantlets
(otherwise
teleological)
Transgenic plants
with desired trait
Fig. 10-5, p. 214

35. Meat Production
•Meat and dairy products are good
sources of protein
•Past ~60 years meat production up
five-fold
•Half of meat from grazing livestock,
other half from feedlots

36. Fish and Shellfish Production
Have Increased Dramatically
•Aquaculture – 46% of fish/shellfish
production in 2006
–Ponds
–Underwater cages
–China produces 70% of world’s farmed
fish

37. Fig. 10-6, p. 214

38. 10-3 What Environmental Problems
Arise from Food Production?
•Concept 10-3 Future food
production may be limited by soil
erosion and degradation,
desertification, water and air pollution,
climate change from greenhouse gas
emissions, and loss of biodiversity.

39. Fig. 10-7, p. 215

40. Fig. 10-7, p. 215
Natural Capital Degradation
Loss and degradation
of grasslands, forests,
and wetlands
Fish kills from
pesticide runoff
Killing wild predators
to protect livestock
Loss of genetic
diversity of wild crop
strains replaced by
monoculture strains
Erosion
Loss of fertility
Salinization
Waterlogging
Desertification
Water waste
Aquifer depletion
Increased runoff,
sediment pollution,
and flooding from
cleared land
Pollution from
pesticides and
fertilizers
Algal blooms and fish
kills in lakes and rivers
caused by runoff of
fertilizers and
agricultural wastes
Biodiversity Loss WaterSoil
Greenhouse gas
emissions (CO
2
) from
fossil fuel use
Greenhouse gas
emissions (N
2
O) from
use of inorganic
fertilizers
Greenhouse gas
emissions of methane
(CH
4) by cattle
(mostly belching)
Other air pollutants
from fossil fuel use
and pesticide sprays
Nitrates in drinking
water (blue baby)
Pesticide residues in
drinking water, food,
and air
Contamination of
drinking and
swimming water
from livestock
wastes
Bacterial
contamination of
meat
Air Pollution Human Health
Food Production

41. Soil Erosion
•Flowing water
•Wind
•Soil fertility declines
•Water pollution occurs
•Some natural
•Much due to human activity

42. Fig. 10-8, p. 216

43. Fig. 10-9, p. 216

44. Stepped Art
Stable or
nonvegetative
Serious concern
Some concern
Fig. 10-9, p. 216

45. Drought and Human Activities
•Desertification
•Combination of prolonged draught
and human activities
•70% of world’s drylands used for
agriculture
•Will be exacerbated by climate
change

46. Fig. 10-10, p. 217

47. Effects of Irrigation
•Leaves behind salts in topsoil
•Salinization
–Affects 10% of global croplands
•Waterlogging
–Attempts to leach salts deeper but
raises water table
–Affects 10% of global croplands

48. Fig. 10-11, p. 217

49. Limits to Expanding Green
Revolutions
•High-inputs too expensive for
subsistence farmers
•Water not available for increasing
population
•Irrigated land per capita dropping
•Significant expansion of cropland
unlikely for economic and ecological
reasons

50. Industrialized Food Production
Requires Huge Energy Inputs
•Mostly nonrenewable oil
–Run machinery
–Irrigation
–Produce pesticides
–Process foods
–Transport foods
•In U.S., food travels an average of 1,300
miles from farm to plate

51. Controversies over Genetically
Engineered Foods
•Potential long-term effects on humans
•Ecological effects
•Genes cross with wild plants
•Patents on GMF varieties

52. Fig. 10-12, p. 219

53. Fig. 10-12, p. 219
Need less fertilizer Irreversible and
unpredictable genetic and
ecological effects
Harmful toxins in food
from possible plant cell
mutations
New allergens in food
Lower nutrition
Increase in
pesticide-resistant insects,
herbicide-resistant weeds,
and plant diseases
Can harm beneficial
insects
Lower genetic diversityLess spoilage
Trade-Offs
Genetically Modified Crops and Foods
Projected
Disadvantages
Projected
Advantages
Higher yields
Tolerate higher levels of
herbicides
May need less pesticides
Can grow in slightly salty
soils
Grow faster
More resistant to insects,
disease, frost, and drought
Need less water

54. Food and Biofuel Production Lead
to Major Losses of Biodiversity
•Forests cleared
•Grasslands plowed
•Loss of agrobiodiversity
–Since 1900, lost 75% of genetic diversity
of crops
–Losing the genetic “library” of food
diversity

55. Industrial Meat Production
Consequences
•Uses large amounts of fossil fuels
•Wastes can pollute water
•Overgrazing
•Soil compaction
•Methane release: greenhouse gas

56. Aquaculture Problems
•Fish meal and fish oil as feed
–Depletes wild fish populations
–Inefficient
–Can concentrate toxins such as PCBs
•Produce large amounts of waste

57. Fig. 10-13, p. 220

58. Fig. 10-13, p. 220
Advantages
High efficiency
High yield in small volume
of water
Can reduce overharvesting
of fisheries
Low fuel use
High profits
Dense populations
vulnerable to disease
Uses grain, fish meal,
and fish oil to feed some
species
Can destroy mangrove
forests and estuaries
Large waste output
Needs large inputs of land,
feed, and water
Aquaculture
Trade-Offs
Disadvantages

59. 10-4 How Can We Protect Crops
from Pests More Sustainably?
•Concept 10-4 We can sharply cut
pesticide use without decreasing crop
yields by using a mix of cultivation
techniques, biological pest controls,
and small amounts of selected
chemical pesticides as a last resort
(integrated pest management).

60. Nature’s Pest Control
•Polycultures – pests controlled by
natural enemies
•Monocultures and land clearing
–Loss of natural enemies
–Require pesticides

61. Fig. 10-14, p. 221

62. Increasing Pesticide Use
•Up 50-fold since 1950
•Broad-spectrum agents
•Selective agents
•Persistence
•Biomagnification – some pesticides
magnified in food chains and webs

63. Fig. 10-15, p. 222

64. Fig. 10-15, p. 222
Conventional Chemical Pesticides
Promote genetic
resistance
Kill natural pest enemies
Pollute the environment
Can harm wildlife and
people
Are expensive for farmers
Safe if used
properly
Work fast
Profitable
Increase food
supplies
Save lives
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs

65. Advantages of Modern
Pesticides
•Save human lives
•Increase food supplies
•Increase profits for farmers
•Work fast
•Low health risks when used properly
•Newer pesticides safer and more
effective

66. Disadvantages of Modern
Pesticides
•Pests become genetically resistant
•Some insecticides kill natural
enemies
•May pollute environment
•Harmful to wildlife
•Threaten human health
•Use has not reduced U.S. crop losses

67. Laws Regulate Pesticides
•Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
•United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
•Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
•Congressional legislation
•Laws and agency actions criticized

68. Fig. 10-16, p. 224

69. Individuals Matter: Rachel
Carson
•Biologist
•DDT effects on birds
•1962: Silent Spring makes connection
between pesticides and threats to
species and ecosystems

70. Fig. 10-B, p. 223

71. Science Focus: Ecological
Surprises
•Dieldrin killed malaria mosquitoes, but also
other insects
•Poison moved up food chain
–Lizards and then cats died
–Rats flourished
–Operation Cat Drop
•Villagers roofs collapsed from caterpillars –
natural insect predators eliminated

72. Alternatives to Pesticides
•Fool the pest
•Provide homes for pest enemies
•Implant genetic resistance
•Natural enemies
•Pheromones to trap pests or attract
predators
•Hormones to disrupt life cycle

73. Fig. 10-18, p. 226

74. Integrated Pest Management
•Evaluate a crop and its pests as part of
ecological system
•Design a program with:
–Cultivation techniques
–Biological controls
–Chemical tools and techniques
–Can reduce costs and pesticide use
without lowering crop yields

75. 10-5 How Can We Improve
Food Security?
•Concept 10-5 We can improve food
security by creating programs to
reduce poverty and chronic
malnutrition, relying more on locally
grown food, and cutting waste.

76. Use Government Policies to Improve
Food Production and Security
•Control food prices
–Helps consumers
–Hurts farmers
•Provide subsidies to farmers
–Price supports, tax breaks to encourage food
production
–Can harm farmers in other countries who don’t get
subsidies
–Some analysts call for ending all subsidies

77. Reducing Childhood Deaths
•$5–$10 annual per child would prevent
half of nutrition-related deaths
•Strategies
–Immunization
–Breast-feeding
–Prevent dehydration from diarrhea
–Vitamin A
–Family planning
–Health education for women

78. 10-6 How Can We Produce
Food More Sustainably?
•Concept 10-6 More sustainable food
production involves reducing overgrazing
and overfishing, irrigating more
efficiently, using integrated pest
management, promoting agrobiodiversity,
and providing government subsidies only
for more sustainable agriculture, fishing,
and aquaculture.

79. Reduce Soil Erosion (1)
•Terracing
•Contour plowing
•Strip cropping
•Alley cropping
•Windbreaks

80. Reduce Soil Erosion (2)
•Shelterbelts
•Conservation-tillage farming
•No-till farming
•Minimum-tillage farming
•Retire erosion hotspots

81. Fig. 10-19, p. 229

82. Fig. 10-19, p. 229

83. Fig. 10-19, p. 229

84. Fig. 10-19, p. 229

85. (a) Terracing (b) Contour planting and strip cropping
(c) Alley cropping (d) Windbreaks
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-19, p. 229

86. Government Intervention
•Governments influence food production
–Control prices
–Provide subsidies
–Let the marketplace decide
•Reduce hunger, malnutrition, and
environmental degradation
–Slow population growth
–Sharply reduce poverty
–Develop sustainable low-input agriculture

87. Case Study: Soil Erosion in the
United States
•Dust Bowl in the 1930s
•1935 Soil Erosion Act
–Natural Resources Conservation Service
–Helps farmers and ranchers conserve soil
•One-third topsoil gone
–Much of the rest degraded
•Farmers paid to leave farmland fallow

88. Restoring Soil Fertility
•Organic fertilizers
–Animal manure
–Green manure
–Compost
•Crop rotation uses legumes to restore
nutrients
•Inorganic fertilizers – pollution
problems

89. Fig. 10-20, p. 230

90. Fig. 10-20, p. 230
Soil Salinization
Reduce irrigation
Switch to salt-tolerant
crops (such as barley,
cotton, and sugar beet)
Flush soil (expensive
and wastes water)
Stop growing crops for
2–5 years
Install underground
drainage systems
(expensive)
Solutions
Prevention Cleanup

91. Fig. 10-21, p. 231

92. Sustainable Meat Production
•Shift to eating herbivorous fish or
poultry
•Eat less meat
•Vegetarian

93. Fig. 10-22, p. 231

94. 2
Beef cattle
Fish (catfish
or carp)
Chicken
Pigs
7
4
2.2
Fig. 10-22, p. 231

95. Fig. 10-23, p. 232

96. Fig. 10-23, p. 232
Sustainable Organic Agriculture
Soil erosion
Aquifer depletion
Overgrazing
Overfishing
Loss of biodiversity
Food waste
Subsidies for
unsustainable
farming and
fishing
Soil salinization
Population growth
Poverty
High-yield
polyculture
Organic fertilizers
Biological pest
control
Integrated pest
management
Efficient irrigation
Perennial crops
Crop rotation
Water-efficient
crops
Soil conservation
Subsidies for
sustainable farming
and fishing
More Less
Solutions

97. Shift to More Sustainable
Agriculture
•Organic farming
•Perennial crops
•Polyculture
•Renewable energy, not fossil fuels

98. Six Strategies for Sustainable
Agriculture
1.Increase research on sustainable
agriculture
2.Set up demonstration projects
3.International fund to help poor farmers
4.Establish training programs
5.Subsidies only for sustainable agriculture
6.Education program for consumers

99. Fig. 10-24, p. 233

100. Fig. 10-24, p. 233
Improves soil fertility
Reduces soil erosion
Retains more water in soil during
drought years
Uses about 30% less energy per
unit of yield
Lowers CO
2 emissions
Reduces water pollution by
recycling livestock wastes
Eliminates pollution from
pesticides
Increases biodiversity above and
below ground
Benefits wildlife such as birds
and bats
Solutions
Organic Farming

101. Fig. 10-25, p. 234

102. Science Focus: The Land
Institute and Perennial Culture
•Polycultures of perennial crops
•Live for years without replanting
•Better adapted to soil and climate
conditions
•Less soil erosion and water pollution
•Increases sustainability

103. Fig. 10-B, p. 233

104. Three Big Ideas from This
Chapter - #1
About 925 million people have health
problems because they do not get
enough to eat and 1.6 billion people
face health problems from eating too
much.

105. Three Big Ideas from This
Chapter - #2
Modern industrialized agriculture ha a
greater harmful impact on the
environment than any other human
activity.

106. Three Big Ideas from This
Chapter - #3
More sustainable forms of food
production will greatly reduce the
harmful environmental impacts of
current systems while increasing food
security and national security for all
countries.

107. Animation: Land Use
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ANIMATION

108. Animation: Soil Profile
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109. Animation: Resources Depletion
and Degradation
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110. Animation: Acid Deposition
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111. Animation: Transferring Genes
into Plants
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112. Animation: Effects of
Deforestation
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113. Animation: Ocean Provinces
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114. Animation: Pesticide Examples
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ANIMATION

115. Video: The Problem with Pork
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116. Video: Food Allergy Increase
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VIDEO

117. Video: Fat Man Walking
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118. Video: Desertification in China
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