Chapter23 Special Aids to Training (1).ppt

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1. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Chapter 23
Special Aids to Exercise Training
and Performance

2. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Pharmacologic Agents
•IOC-banned substance categories
–Stimulants
–Narcotic analgesics
–Androgenic-anabolic steroids
–-Blockers
–Diuretics
–Peptide hormones and analogs
–Substances that alter urine sample integrity

3. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Anabolic Steroids
•Structure and action
–Sterol structure similar to testosterone
–Increases muscle growth
•Stacking
–Combining multiple steroid preparations in oral
and injectable form
•Pyramiding
–Progressively increasing the dosage

4. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Anabolic Steroids
•Drug with a considerable following
–Becoming increasingly popular with more than
just strength athletes
•Effectiveness
–Dosage is an important factor.
–Training volume accompanies use.

5. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

6. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Anabolic Steroids
•Side effects and medical risks
•Cystic acne, “roid rage,” peliosis hepatitis,
increased plasma lipoproteins
•In males: testicular atrophy and
gynecomastia
•In females: clitoral enlargement, squaring of
the jaw, lowering of voice
•ACSM Position Statement on Anabolic
Steroids

7. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Growth Hormone
•Genetic engineering comes to sports
–Human growth hormone
•Produced in the pituitary gland
•Stimulates bone and cartilage growth
•Enhances fatty acid oxidation
•Reduces glucose and amino acid breakdown
–Excess GH may result in
•Gigantism
•Acromegaly
–No unanimity among researchers

8. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
DHEA: A Worrisome Trend?
•DHEA
–Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands
•Claims for DHEA
•Testosterone booster
•Bolsters immune system
•Preserves youth
•Decreases fatigue and joint pain
•Slows aging
•Invigorates sex life
–An unregulated compound with uncertain safety

9. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

10. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Androstenedione
•Claims
–Stimulates production of endogenous
testosterone
–Enables one to train harder
–Increases muscle mass
–Rapidly repairs tissue injury
•Research shows no effect of supplementation on
basal serum testosterone or any training response
on muscle size and strength.

11. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Amino Acid Supplements for an
Anabolic Effect
•Claims
–Boost body’s natural production of
•Testosterone
•Growth hormone
•Insulin-like growth factor I
–Resulting in an increase in muscle mass and a
reduction in fat mass

12. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Amino Acid Supplements
•Stimulating an anabolic effect
–Consuming carbohydrate and/or protein
immediately after resistance training
augments hormonal response to the training.

13. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

14. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

15. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

16. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Amphetamines
•Stimulate the CNS = sympathomimetics
•Claims
–Increase alertness
–Decrease sensation of muscle fatigue
•Dangers
–Physiologic or emotional dependence
–Headache, fever, dizziness, tremors
–Suppression of normal responses to pain
•Use and athletic performance
–Do not enhance physical performance.

17. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Caffeine
•Ergogenic effects
–Proposed mechanism for ergogenic action
•Increases use of fatty acids, sparing glycogen
–Effects on muscle
•May act directly on muscle to enable more
prolonged endurance performance

18. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Warning About Caffeine
•Possible side effects
–Nervous irritability
–Muscle twitching
–Psychomotor agitation
–Elevated HR and blood pressure
–Increased occurrence of PVCs
–Insomnia

19. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Ginseng
•Claims
–Boosts energy
–Diminishes stress
•No compelling scientific evidence of
ergogenic effect

20. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Ephedrine
•Effects
–Increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood
pressure
–Bronchodilation
–Hypertension, insomnia, irritability
–Increases anaerobic power output, endurance
–Possibly heart attack, stroke, death

21. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Buffering Solutions
•Claims
–Pre-exercise alkalosis facilitates H
+
efflux from
the cell, delaying the fall in pH.
–May be ergogenic for high-intensity endurance
performance
–Effect related to dosage and degree of
anaerobic metabolism

22. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Glutamine
•Promotes muscle glycogen accumulation
•May blunt immunosuppression from
exhaustive exercise

23. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Phosphatidylserine
•May modify neuroendocrine response to
stress
•Diminishes ACTH and cortisol release
•Does not affect growth hormone release

24. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate
(HMB)
•Metabolite from the breakdown of leucine
•Claims
–Inhibits protein catabolism
•Research
–Ergogenic benefits may be transient.
–FFM tends to revert to baseline.

25. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Nonpharmacologic Approaches
•Red blood cell reinfusion—blood doping
–How it works
•Withdrawal of 1 –4 units of blood
•RBC are frozen.
•Reinfusion 1 –7 days prior to competition
–Effects
•Increases RBC number, oxygen-carrying
capacity, and ability to perform endurance
exercise

26. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition

27. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Hormonal Blood Boosting
•Erythropoietin (EPO)
–Synthetic version of a hormone produced by
the kidneys
–May increase RBC number by 12%
–Unconventional or nonmedical
administration may create < 60% increase.
•Increases risk of stroke, heart attack, heart
failure, pulmonary edema

28. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Other Means to Enhance Oxygen
Transport
•New substance classes
–Perfluorocarbon emulsions
–Bovine and human hemoglobin solutions
•Potentially lethal side effect
–Increased systemic and pulmonary blood
pressure
–Renal toxicity
–Impaired immune function

29. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise)
•General warm-up
–Unrelated movements
•Specific warm-up
–Sport-specific movements
•Psychologic considerations
–Athletes feel better prepared

30. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise)
•Physiologic considerations
–Faster muscle contraction and relaxation
–Greater movement economy from lowered viscous
resistance
–Facilitated oxygen delivery—Bohr effect
–Facilitated nerve transmission and muscle metabolism
–Increased blood flow to active tissues
•Effects on performance
–More research needed
•Sudden strenuous exercise
–Risk of MI in sedentary or those with CHD

31. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Oxygen Inhalation (Hyperoxia)
•Preexercise oxygen breathing
–Not beneficial if ambient air is breathed before
performing
•Oxygen breathing during exercise
–Improves performance
–Not practical for most sports
•Oxygen breathing during recovery
–Research does not support use.

32. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Modification of Carbohydrate
Intake
•Carbohydrate loading
–Helps prevent/postpone “hitting the wall”
–Glycogen depletion stage
–Glycogen loading stage
•Creatine supplementation

33. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Modification of Carbohydrate
Intake
•Negative aspects
–Increased water retention
–Added weight increases the energy cost of
weight-bearing exercise.
–Depletion phase may inhibit ability to train.
–Low carbohydrate intake may create ketosis.
–Vitamin, mineral deficiencies
–Lean tissue loss

34. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
L-Carnitine
•Facilitates influx of fatty acids into
mitochondria
•Rate of fatty acid oxidation affects aerobic
exercise intensity.
•Research does not support ergogenic benefits.
•Potential benefits
–Vasodilation
–Less postexercise pain, tissue damage

35. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Chromium
•Potentiates insulin function
•Promotes carbohydrate uptake into cells
•Numerous alleged benefits
–Fat burner
–Muscle builder
•Research does support claims
•Potential downside
–Competes with iron for binding to transferrin
–Possible chromosomal damage

36. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Coenzyme Q
10(Ubiquinone)
•Used therapeutically for cardiovascular
disease
•Claims: improve stamina and enhance
cardiovascular function
•Research does not support ergogenic
benefits.

37. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Creatine
•Important component of high-energy
phosphates
•Documented benefits in humans
–Improves muscular strength and power
–Augments short bursts of muscular endurance
–Enables greater muscular overload
•Limited research on potential risks
•Creatine loading

38. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Inosine
•Claims
–Improves training quality, performance
–Facilitates oxygen release, insulin release
–Augments cardiac contractility
–Vasodilator
•Research does not support ergogenic
effect.
•Risks contraindicate use.

39. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Choline
•Claims
–Fat burning, metabolism “optimizing”
•Research does not support claims.

40. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Medium-Chain Triglycerides
•Claims
–Fat burning, glycogen sparing, muscle
building
•Research is inconclusive.

41. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Hydroxycitrate (HCA)
•Claims
–Fat burning, endurance enhancing
•Research is inconclusive.

42. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition
Pyruvate
•Claims
–Fat burning, endurance enhancing
•Additional research is needed.

43. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance,Sixth Edition