characteristics and importance of Agaricales order

assignment to submitted Dr. sundarman shrestha
Hem raj pant
Msc. Ag
department of plant pathology
AFU

1. Welcome & Namaste

2. AGARICALES Characteristics and Importance Presenter Hem Raj Pant Department of pathology

3. INTRODUCTION Agaricales : includes basidiomycetes fungi whose fruiting body commonly called as Mushroom pileus (cap) and stipe (stalk) are conspicuous part commonly called 'gill fungi‘ 270 genera and around 4000 species Infact the word mycology (Gr. mykes =mushroom, fungus + logos=discourse) has been derived from the mushrooms. includes the mushrooms, the toadstools, and the boletes . In boletes , the basidia not borne on gills, they are lined inside deep tubes rarely on shallow pits formed on the undersurface of the fleshy basidiocarp .

4. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION Mushrooms are fleshy, sometimes tough, umbrella-like sporophores that bear basidia on the surface of gills or plates (lamellae) Kingdom: Plantae Division: Mycota Sub-division: Basidiomycotina Class: Basidiomycetes Sub-class: Holobasidiomycetidae II or Hymenomycetes II Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae Genus: Agaricus Species: bisporus

5. Characterstics 1. Distribution and habitat Ubiquitous Terrestrial (all types of woodland and grassland) Psathyrella aquatica , the only gilled mushroom known to fruit underwater

6. 2. Somatic structures Mushroom is not the whole fungus. Mycelium is the vegetative part mushroom is the reproductive part Mycelia 3 types Primary, secondary and tertiary Primary mycelium arises from a homokaryotic basidiospore secondary mycelium is dikaryotic hyphae tertiary mycelium forms complex fruit bodies

7. 2. Somatic structures contd … Fairy rings The Mycelium of some mushrooms when it grows on the ground particularly forms a circular colony that continues growing year after year and produces a crop of basidiocarps at the periphery of the colony thus forming a ring called a fairy ring.

8. 3. Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction by 2 types of oidia in few agaricales Coprinus cinereus has oidia of the wet type monokaryons of Coprinus micaceaus and Clitocybe truncicola has dry type oidia Oidia can perform two functions May germinate and give rise to mycelium may behave as spermatia Coprinus lagopus and Volvariella volvacea produce Chlamydospores which germinate and give rise to mycelium

9. 4. Sexual reproduction: Majority of the members are heterothallic and show either unifactorial or bifactorial heterothallism compatible thalli are brought together either by hyphal fusion or by means of oidia The dikaryotic mycelium thus formed ultimately leads to the formation of basidiocarps The fusion of the dikaryotic nuclei takes place in the basidium (produced in the gills) which is followed by reductional division resulting in the formation of generally uninucleate but sometimes binucleate basidiospore which are haploid.

10. 5. Basidiocarp The fruiting body ( sporocarp , basidiocarp , basidioma ) has a stalk ( stipe ) and a pileus Shape of pileus : conical to flattened center has knob or pit Color of pileus : All shades (red, yellow, purple, white, orange, pink, green, brown or black) basidia are borne on gills or tubes in pileus gills or tubes on the pileus may be closely or distantly spaced

11. 5. Basidiocarp Other structures besides gills and pileus Annulus: skirt like ring on stipe Cortina : veil on margin of pileus Volva : cup like membrane surrounding the base of stipe Three basic types of basidiocarp development have been recognized viz. gymnocarpous , psuedoangiocarpous and hemiangiocarpous

12. CLASSIFICATION 1. Boletaceae 2. Hygrophoraceae 3. Tricholomataceae 4. Entolomataceae 5. Amanitaceae 6. Plutaceae 7. Lepiotaceae 8. Agaricaeae 9. Bolbitiaceae 10. Strophariaceae 11. Coprinaceae 12. Cortinariaceae 13. Paxillaceae 14. Gomphidiaaceae 15. Russulaceae 16. Cantharellaceae

13. Important families

14. TRICHOLOMATACEAE large family composed of white spored species with attached gills The Armillariella mellea (honey mushroom) produce basidiocarp in clusterson the roots of trees or dead stumps Pleurotus ostreatus , P. sapidus , P. ulmaris are good edible mushrooms of this family Fig: Pleurotus ostreatus

15. AGARICACEAE Distinguishing characters blackish or brown colour of the basidiospores presence of pallid to pink or rosaceous coloured free gills on the pileus An annulus is typically present on the stipe They are fine edible mushrooms. e.g. Agaricus bisporus , A. campestris , etc. Fig : Agaricus bisporus

16. Beneficial effects of Agaricales a) Source of nutrient Protein 40.93% Vitamins Quantity B1 (thiamine) 0.12 mg B2 (riboflavin) 0.52 gm C (Ascorbic acid) 8.60 gm K Little Niacin 5.05 mg Pantothenic acid 2.38 mg Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium obtained in good quantity. They have high amount of lysine and tryptophan, which are deficient in cereals

17. b) Economic value significantly higher rate of economic return Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ), Oyster mushroom ( Pluerotus sajor-caju ), Paddy straw mushroom ( Volvariella volvacea ) and Shitake ( Lentinus edodes ) are common in Nepal mushroom like Yarshagumba is highly valuable great potential for the enhancement of economic status of poor people in our country

18. c) Medicinal use Morchella - For fever and diarrhea Pleurotus officinalis - Used against stoppage of bleeding, also against T. B., Jaundice, Worms Fomes ignarius - Rapid coagulation of blood Ganoderma lucidum - Known for longevity mushroom, fights against any disease Coprinus comatus - Antidiabetic effect Lentinus edodes , Auricularia polytricha , Agaricus bisporus - Lowers blood cholesterol level

19. d) Neutriceuticals and dietary supplements Mushroom neutriceutical is defined as mushroom extract which is consumed in the form of capsules or tablets as a dietary supplement and has potential therapeutic applications.

20. e) Others Fomes fomentarium , Ganoderma applanatus used in making cap, hand bag Coprinus comatus used as ink for writing

21. Harmful effects Some mushroom are poisonous and takes a life of human Major types of mushroom poisoning and their effects liver and kidney damage, and death; onset of symptoms following ingestion, over 6 hours, usually 10 hrs Group I - Deadly cyclopeptide ( amanitin ) poisoning: Genus: Amanita and Galerina Group II - Deadly monomethyhydrazine poisoning Genus: Gyromitra ( Helvella )

22. Harmful effects contd … affecting the autonomic nervous system; onset of symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs. Group III - Coprine poisoining Genus: Coprinus Group IV - Muscarine (sweating poisioning ) Genus: Clitocybe and Inocybe

23. Harmful effects contd … affecting the central nervous system; onset of symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs. Group V - Ibutenic acid - muscimol poisoning Genus: Amanita Group VI - Psilocybin- psilocin poisoning Genus: Psilocybe and Panaeolus

24. Harmful effects contd … causing gastrointestinal irritation; onset of symptoms 30 minutes to 3 hrs Group VII - Gastrointestinal irritants Genus: Russula