Chemical aspects of mutagens 1-1

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1. Chemical aspects of mutagens Presented by Muhammad Iqbal danish

2. Chemical mutation The interaction of certain environmental chemical compounds and cell  metabolism  may result in genetic changes in  DNA  structure, affecting one or more genes. These chemical induced  mutations  are known as chemical mutagenesis . Types of chemical mutation Chemicals act on resting DNA Nitrous acid Alkylating agents NTG Nitrogen mustards Base analogues Interclating agents.

3. Chemicals acting on resting DNA Chemicals act on non-dividing cells. It causes chemical modification of purine and pyramidine bases that alter their hydrogen bonding. Nitrous acid ( deaminating agents ):- It convert cytosine to uracil and forms hydrogen bond with adenine rather than guanine. It causes mutation by adding 0.1 to 0.2M of sodium nitrate to suspension of cells in an acid medium for various time. After suitable interval,acid can be neutralized by adding sodium hydroxide. Subsequently cells are plated out.

4. Alkylating agents Compounds with one or more alkyl groups can be transferred to DNA or other molecules. Alkylating agents are :- EMS ( Ethyl methane sulphonate) EES ( ethyl thane sulphonate ) DES (diethyl sulphonate). Cells are treated in solution of 1% concentration of alyklating agents. Allowed to react from ¼ hour to ½ hour . After that plated out.

5. Uses of chemical mutagenesis In microbiology Use of Chemical Mutagenesis to induce mutation in a variety of microorganisms used for production of antibiotics or enzymes. for the Isolation of overproducing Mutants of Food Grade enzymes (e.g. β-Galactosidase). For the production of more competent and high yield producing strains. Use in cosmetics Like mineral oil, Sodium laureth and it's in our toothpaste! Propylene glycol and it's found in shampoo, spray deodorant and Talcum powder

6. In Biotechnology Use in plant breeding e.g. rice, bean, mulberry, to improve crops. Use to increase genetic variation e.g. increased seedling, stress tolerance, high yield. In research Alter amino acids to test the function of a promoter and domain of a protein. Studying the function of genes like using transposons. to determine phenotype of organisms.

7. In food Industry Used as food additives during manufacturing of different foods to increase shelf life and other organoleptic qualities of food.(nitrous acid ) Arcidine orange is a nucleic acid selective metachromatic stain usefull for cell cycle determination. Ethidium bromide is used as DNA dye. Nitrogen mustard gas is first used in world war 1 as it cause Large blisters on exposed skin.