Chemical Disaster.pptx

This powerpoint covers all the aspects of chemical disaster

1. CHEMICAL DISASTER Dr. A.Anitha Dr. P. Pratickshaa Dr.S.Siva Ranjani

2. Chemical disaster Unintentional release of one or more  chemical  hazard substances which could harm human health and the environment. Chemical disaster include fires, explosions, leakages or release of toxic or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, or disability. caused by natural disaster, or accidental human error, or deliberate move to cause chaos and destructions for personal gain. It may occur whenever toxic materials are stored, transported  or used. Most severe are industrial accidents, involving major chemical manufacturing and storage facilities.

3. TOXIC CHEMICAL ROUTES OF ENTRY

4. Causes of chemical disaster Process and safety systems failures Human errors Technical errors Management errors Induced effect of natural calamities Accidents during the transportation Hazardous waste processing/ disposal Terrorist attack/ unrest leading to sabotage

5. Common hazardous chemicals Acetone Acetylene Gas Ammonia gas Argon gas Benzene Sodium Hydroxide Chlorine gas Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen Liquid Petroleum Gas Methanol Naphthol Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Tri Nitro Toluene

6. Bhopal gas tragedy Gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary unit of UCC was built in1969 to produce a pesticide, Sevin Methyl Iso thiocyanate(MIC) production plant was added in the year 1979. Occurred on the night of 2-3 December, 1984 when water entered into a tanker containing 42 tonnes of MIC.

7. Bhopal gas tragedy Cause of the disaster still remains under debate. The Indian Government and local activists argue that slack management and deferred maintenance created a situation where routine pipeline maintenance caused a backflow of water into a MIC tank triggering the disaster. Whereas UCC contends that water entered the tank intentionally by a worker via a missing pressure gauge. The resulting exothermic reaction increased the temperature inside the tank to over 200 °C and raised the pressure. This forced the emergency venting of pressure from the MIC holding tank, releasing a large volume of toxic gases. About 30 metric tons of MIC escaped from the tank into the atmosphere in 45 to 60 minutes.

8. Bhopal gas tragedy Over 5 lakh people were exposed to methyl iso thiocyanate (MIC) gas Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. The Government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries. Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.

9. Long term effects A number of clinical studies are performed. The quality varies, but the different reports support each other. Eyes: Chronic conjunctivitis, scars on cornea, corneal opacities, early cataracts Respiratory tracts: Obstructive and/or restrictive disease, pulmonary fibrosis, aggravation of TB and chronic bronchitis Neurological system: Impairment of memory, finer motor skills, numbness etc. Psychological problems: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) This incident also had many other effects such as massive environmental pollution

10. Top 10 chemical accidents Feyzin Explosion, France (1966) Flixborough , UK (1974) Seveso, Italy (1976) San Juanico LPG Disaster, Mexico City (1984) Bhopal, India (1984) Schweisehalle , Switzerland (1986) Baia Mare Cyanide Spill, Romania (2000) Enschede Fireworks, Netherlands (2000) Grande Paroisse Fertilizer Plant Explosion, France (2001) Texas City Refinery Explsion , Texas, USA (2005)

11. Feyzin Explosion, France (1966) An operation to drain off an aqueous layer from a propane storage sphere was attempted. Two valves were opened in series on the bottom of the sphere. When the operation was nearly complete, the upper valve was closed and then cracked open again. No flow came out of the cracked valve, so it was opened further. The alarm was raised and traffic on the nearby motorway was stopped. The resulting vapour cloud is thought to have found its source of ignition from a car about 160 m away. The storage sphere was enveloped in a fierce fire and upon lifting of the relief valve a stream of escaping vapour was ignited. The lpg tank farm where the sphere was located consisted of four 1200 m 3  propane and four 2000 m 3  butane spheres . The fire killed 18 people and injured 81 others. Five of the storage spheres were destroyed Uses - portable stoves , refrigerant , domestic and industrial fuel , motor fuel , shipping fuel

12. Feyzin Explosion, France (1966)

13. Feyzin Explosion, France (1966) Failures in technical measures Design codes – pipework - The escaping liquid accumulated beneath the storage sphere rather than draining away from it to a place where it could be allowed to burn harmlessly. Secondary containment - It took ten minutes to raise the alarm as the operator travelled on foot 800 m to alert other people. There was no strategy for raising the alarm in the event of a flammable release. Operating procedures : emergency procedures Emergency response / spill control - Attempts to keep motor vehicles away were only partially successful. The fire fighting strategy adopted was inappropriate. The local fire brigade had not been briefed about how to deal with such an incident. Emergency response / spill control - Many of the design deficiencies such as insulation or permanent water sprays on the spheres, and reinforcement of the legs, which are now standard, have been incorporated into codes of practice following this incident. Design codes - plant : special cases for lpg storage

14. Seveso , Italy (1976) The  seveso disaster  was an  industrial accident  that occurred, in a small chemical manufacturing  in the  lombardy  region of  italy . It resulted in the highest known exposure to  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin  (TCDD) in residential populations Adverse effect- Chloracne  (halogenated arommatic compounds) Peripheral  neuropathy  and liver enzyme induction . Chloracne

15. San Juanico LPG Disaster, Mexico City (1984) The  explosions  consumed 11,000 m 3  of LPG, representing one third of mexico city's entire liquid petroleum gas supply. The explosions destroyed the facility and devastated the local town with 500–600 people killed, and 5000–7000 others suffering severe burns The disaster was initiated by a  gas leak  on the site, likely caused by a pipe rupture during transfer operations, which caused a plume of LPG to concentrate at ground level for 10 minutes.

16. Sandoz chemical spill (1986) The  sandoz chemical spill  was a major  environmental disaster  caused by a fire and its subsequent extinguishing, on 1 november 1986, which released toxic agrochemicals into the air and resulted in tons of pollutants entering the  rhine river , turning it red. The chemicals caused a massive mortality of wildlife downstream, killing, among other animals, a large proportion of the  european eel  population in the rhine , although the situation subsequently recovered within a couple of years.

17. Baia Mare Cyanide Spill, Romania (2000) Leak of  cyanide  near  baia mare ,  romania , into the  someș river  by the  gold mining  company  aurul , The polluted waters eventually reached the  tisza river  and then the  danube , killing large numbers of fish in  hungary ,  serbia , and  romania The company claimed it had the ability to clean up the toxic tailings at the baia mare mine, which had begun to be spread as toxic dust by the wind. promising to deal with them and to extract remaining gold from them via  gold cyanidation , The company shipped its waste product to a dam nearby On the night of january 30, 2000, a dam holding contaminated waters burst and 100,000 cubic metres of cyanide-contaminated water spilled over some farmland and then into the someș river. Esmeralda exploration blamed excessive snowfall for the dam failure

18. Enschede Fireworks, Netherlands (2000) The  enschede fireworks disaster   was a catastrophic  fireworks   explosion \ which was caused by a  fire , killed 23 people, including four  firefighters , and injured nearly 1,000 He fire which triggered the explosion is believed to have started inside the central building of the S.E. Fireworks depot, in a work area where some 900 kg (2,000 lb) of fireworks were stored. It then spread outside the building to two full  shipping containers  that were being used to illegally store more display incendiaries. When 177 tonnes (of fireworks exploded, it destroyed the surrounding residential area. [5 2048 x 1072 · jpeg Reddit

19. Grande Paroisse Fertilizer Plant Explosion, France (2001) Texas City AZF  ( french   initialism  for  azote fertilisant , i.E. Nitrogen  fertiliser ) was the name of a  chemical factory  in  toulouse ,  france , which  exploded on 21 september 2001 . The blast was equivalent to 20-40 tons of TNT, producing an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.4, and was heard 80 km away (50 miles). The incident resulted in 29 deaths and left 2,500 wounded. Damages paid by insurance companies exceeded 1.5 billion euros Three hundred tonnes of  ammonium nitrate  was stored (the maximum capacity was 2,000 tonnes ) in hangar. The whole factory was destroyed making a crater with a depth about 7 m (23 ft) and a diameter of 40 m (131 ft); [1]  steel girders were found 3 km away from the explosion.

20. Refinery Explsion , Texas, USA (2005) The  texas city refinery explosion  occurred on march 23, 2005, when a  vapor  cloud of  natural gas  and  petroleum [a]  ignited and violently exploded at the  isomerization  (ISOM) process unit at the  BP   texas city refinery in  texas city, texas , killing 15 workers, injuring 180 others and severely damaging the refinery . One of the primary safety critical steps in the pre-startup process was the use of the  BP  pre-startup safety review (PSSR) procedure.; but this essential safety procedure was not completed. [11] Safety-critical equipment which had not been resolved -an inoperative pressure-control valve (PV-5002), a defective high-level alarm in the raffinate splitter tower (LSH-5102), and a defective sight glass used to indicate fluid levels at the base of the splitter tower. Also, the vital splitter tower level transmitter had not been calibrated.

21. Impacts of chemical disaster leads to serious and varied impacts Most hazardous impact – extreme pollution of air, water and food chain upto life threatening levels even Physical damage: damage or destruction of structure and infrastructure. Casualties: may result in large scale . While quick medical relief is essential to save lives, immediate disposal of dead bodies also needs planning. Environmental damage : likely to contaminate air, water , land, crops, vegetation and animal life.

22. Preparedness & response Hazard mapping – accurate information of location, type and quantities of hazardous material being stored, used or produced should be known at district and state levels. Hazardous material identification – should be stored and handled as per norms laid down Inspection of chemical plants & storage facilities – regular and systematic inspection must be followed. Monitoring of the toxic waste disposal – toxic wastes dumped underground have resulted in pollution of sub-soil water. Disposal of toxic waste in rivers and drains, especially passing through populated areas should be avoided. Monitoring pollution levels – gives warning of toxicity in land, water or atmosphere

23. Do’s and Don’ts Do not panic, evacuate calmly and quickly perpendicular to wind direction through the designated escape route Keep a wet handkerchief or piece of cloth/ sari on face during evacuation Keep the sick, elderly, weak, handicapped and other people who are unable to evacuate inside house and close all the doors and windows tightly. Do not consume the uncovered food/ water etc open to the air, drink only from bottle Change into fresh clothing after reaching safe place/ shelter, and wish hands properly

24. Do’s and Don’ts Inform Fire & Emergency Services, Police and medical services from safe location by calling 101, 100 and 108 respectively. Listen to PA (Public Addressal) System of the plant/ factory, local radio/ TV channels for advice from district administration/fire/health/police and other concerned authorities Provide correct and accurate information to government official. Inform others on occurrence of event at public gathering places (like school, shopping centre , theatre etc.). Don’t pay attention to the rumours and don’t spread rumours .

25. General Precautions During Normal Time Do not smoke, lit fire or spark in the identified hazardous area Sensitize the community living near the industrial units and they should be more vigilant about the nature of industrial units and associated risks. Keep the contact numbers of nearest hazardous industry, fire station, police station, control room, health services and district control room, for emergency use. Avoid housing near the industries producing or processing the hazardous chemicals, if possible. Participate in all the capacity building programmes organized by the government/ voluntary organizations / industrial units.

26. General Precautions During Normal Time Take part in preparing disaster management plan for the community and identify safe shelter along with safe and easy access routes. Prepare a family disaster management plan and explain it to all the family members. Make the family/ neighbours aware of the basic characteristics of various poisonous/ hazardous chemicals and the first aid required to treat them. Adequate number of personal protective equipments needs to be made available, to deal with emergency situation. Prepare an emergency kit of items and essentials in the house, including medicines, documents and valuables.

27. Safety initiatives taken in India The comprehensive legal/ institutional framework exists in our country. A number of regulations covering the safety in transportation, liability, insurance and compensations have been enacted. Following are the relevant provisions on chemical disaster management, prevailing in country:- Explosives Act 1884                                      Petroleum Act 1934 Factories Act 1948                                        Insecticides Act 1968 Environment Protection Act 1986                 Motor Vehicles Act 1988 Public Liability Insurance Act 1991               Disaster Management Act 2005

28. Safety initiatives taken in India The  National Disaster Management Authority  (NDMA) of India had come out with very specific guidelines on Chemical Disaster Management. The guidelines have been prepared to provide the directions to ministries, departments and state authorities for the preparation of their detailed disaster management plans. These guidelines call for a proactive, participatory, multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach at various levels for chemical disaster preparedness and response. Further, NDMA has provided specific inputs to the GOM for avoidance of future chemical disasters in the country, along with suggested amendments on the existing framework. NDMA is also working on revamping of CIFs ( Chief Inspectorate of Factories) to strengthen chemical safety in India. In addition, MoEF and NDMA are in process of finalizing the National Action Plan on Chemical Industrial Disaster Management (NAP-CIDM), which will act as the roadmap for chemical disaster management in India.

29. SUMMARY

30. Thank you