CHEMICAL Technology PPT

Production of in organic chemical.
Sulfuric acid
Coal Gassification
Urea production
Industrial catalyst
Bio refinery

1. CHEMICAL Technology DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES ZAKIR HUSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH 2021-2023 Submitted by SANA PARVEEN 21PKPM102 GM6514

2. Introduction Production of inorganic chemicals Sulfuric Acid Coal gasification Ammonia Synthesis Urea Production Nitric Acid Production Styrene Production Industrial Catalysts Bio Refinery OUTLINE

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Chemical industry plays a vital role in the modern world, providing the raw material, essential building blocks for a wide array of products and processes. This report deals with the production of inorganic chemical, focusing on key compounds such as sulfuric acid, synthesis gas, ammonia, Urea Production, Nitric Acid Production, styrene, Industrial Catalysts , terephthalic acid, and methanol carbonylation, Bio Refinery . Each of these chemicals holds a unique place in the industrial landscape, serving as raw materials or intermediates in various sectors, from plastics manufacturing to energy production.

5. S ULFURIC ACID The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was formerly employed as a catalyst for the reaction, but as it is susceptible to poisoning by arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium oxide (V₂Os) is now preferred. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur or by roasting sulphide ores in air. Purification of air and SO, is necessary to avoid catalyst poisoning. The sulfur dioxide, mixed with an excess of air, is purified and dried then passed through a series of converters where the catalyst is stored on shelves in a way which exposes the maximum possible surface area. The oxidation is exothermic and operating temperature is maintained without external heating by using heat exchangers. After passing through the converters the gases are cooled and passed into an absorption tower where the sulfur trioxide dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid. The product leaving the absorption tower is normally 99 per cent sulfuric acid.

6. Reaction involved in contact process

7. COAL GASIFICATION Gasification is a technological process that can convert any carbonaceous raw material such as coal into fuel gas, also known as synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas is Composed primarily of the colorless, odorless, highly flammable gases carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). Gasification occurs in a gasifier, generally a high temperature/pressure vessel where oxygen and steam are directly contacted with the coal causing a series of chemical reactions to occur that convert the feed to syngas and ash/slag. Gasification is a partial oxidation process.

8. In a gasifier, the carbonaceous feedstock undergoes several different processes and/or reactions. Some of the major chemical reactions are

9. AMMONIA SYNTHESIS Haber established the conditions under which nitrogen, N2(g), and hydrogen, H2(g), would combine using Medium temperature (~500°C) Very high pressure (~250 atmospheres, ~351kPa) A catalyst (a porous iron catalyst prepared by reducing magnetite, Fe3O4. The reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas is exothermic, releasing 92.4kJ/mol of energy. The nitrogen and hydrogen are then reacted at high temperature and pressure using an iron catalyst to form ammonia. N₂+ 3H2 = 2NH3

10. Urea production Urea is produced from NH, & CO, in two equilibrium reactions. At temperature (160-240 C), pressure ( 110-150 atm). 2NH3 + CO2 = NH2 COO NH4 (ammonium carbamate) NH2 COO NH4 = H2O + NH CONH (urea) The urea manufacturing process are designed to maximize these reactions while inhibiting biuret formation. 2NH2 CO NH2 = NH2 CO NH CONH2 + NH3 (biuret) This reaction is undesirable, not only because it lowers the yield of urea, but because biuret burns the leaves of plants. This means that urea which contains high levels of biuret is unsuitable for use as a fertilizer.

11. INDUSTRIAL CATALYSTS

12. BIO REFINERY

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