chemicals in medicines

this project is based on types of chemicals used in medicines such as antibiotics,antipyretics,antacid etc.

1. DRUG:
 Chemical substances of lower
molecular mass (about 100-500u).
 Interact with macromolecular target and
produce a biological response.
 Are called medicine if biological response,
produce by the interaction with
macromolecular targets, turns out to be
therapeutic and useful.
MEDICINES:
 Used in diagnosis, prevention and curing
treatment of diseases.
 Can prove to be poisonous, if it is consumed in
higher doses than those recommended.
 Or chemicals used for therapeutic effect is said
to be chemotherapy.

2. Teacher’s Signature

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Pharmacological Effect:
 Drugs which are classified on the basis of
pharmacological effect are very useful for doctors.
 This is because these provide whole range
of drugs available for the treatment of a
particular type of problem.
 Examples:
 Analgesics have pain killing effect.
 Antiseptics are used to kill or arrest the
growth of microorganisms.
 Antacids neutralize the excess acid in the
stomach.
 Tranquilizers help in reducing anxiety.
 Antibiotics are used to treat infections.
 Antiseptics kill the microorganisms but do
not harm the living tissues.

3. Teacher’s Signature

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ANTIBIOTICS:

 Antibiotics being less toxic for humans and animals
are used as drugs to treat infections.
 Initially, antibiotics were defined as chemical
substances produced by microorganisms that
inhibit the growth or even destroy
microorganisms.
 Now, antibiotics refer to a substance produced
wholly or to a certain extent by chemical synthesis
which inhibit the growth or destroys the
microorganism.

4. Teacher’s Signature

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DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS:
 Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, investigated
a medicine arsphenamine (arsenic
based structure) known as salvarsan for the
treatment of syphilis.
 Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings.
PENICILLIN: FIRST EVER ANTIBIOTICS
 Discovery of penicillin brought a revolute the field of
antibacterial therapy.

 In 1929, Alexander Fleming identified antibacterial
properties of penicillin fungus.
 Isolation and purification of active compound from
penicillin fungus to accumulate sufficient material
for clinical trials took thirteen years.

5. Teacher’s Signature

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ANTISEPTICS:

 Chemicals which prevent the growth or kill the
microorganisms but do not harm the living tissues.
 Can be applied to the wounds, cuts and infected skin
surfaces, etc.
 Also used in deodorants, face powders and mouth
washes and mouth fresheners to reduce odors caused
by bacterial decomposition on the body or in the
mouth.
STRUCTURE:
 Bithionol is added to soaps for antiseptic properties.

6. Teacher’s Signature

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 Dettol is a mixture of Chloroxylenol and Terpinzeol in a
suitable solvent.

7. Teacher’s Signature

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ANTACIDS:

 The chemical substances which neutralize the excess
acids present in the stomach as gastric juices and give
relief from acidity problems.
 Examples:
 Metal hydroxides such as Mg (OH)2 and Al(OH)3.
 NaHCO3
 Antacids only control the symptoms not the root cause
of secretion of excessive acids in stomach.

8. Teacher’s Signature

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STRUCTURE:

 Structure of sodium bicarbonate

 Structure of calcium carbonate

9. Teacher’s Signature

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ANTIPYRETICS:




 An antipyretic is a type of medication that will reduce
fever by lowering temperature from a raised state.
 They are available in the form of tablets, capsules,
ointments, and syrups and parental.
 Examples:
 Aspirin

 Paracetamol/Acetaminophen

10. Teacher’s Signature

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STRUCTURE:
 Paracetamol

 Aspirin

11. Teacher’s Signature

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

To prepare the project the help was taken from the
following sites and books:
 Nootan ISC Chemistry Book for class XII.
 http://www.slideshare.net/?ss
 https://www.wikipedia.org/
 http://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antacids.html