CHEMICALS in our life BIOMOLECULES .pptx

BIOMOLECULES

1. The BIOMOLECULES

2. The chemicals of life 2

3. WATER – AN IMPORTANT SOLVENT

4. IMPORTANCE OF WATER The reactions going on in a human body are called Metabolic reactions Metabolic reactions can take place only when the reactants are dissolved in water therefore water is an important solvent If cells dry ,reactants stop and the organism dies

5. IMPORTANCE OF WATER Important part of Blood plasma as glucose, enzymes dissolve in it and are transported Nutrients dissolve in it for digestion

6. IMPORTANCE OF WATER

7. What is an  organic molecule ? An  organic molecule  is a complex molecule that is primarily made of carbon atoms bonded with other elements mainly hydrogen and/or other carbon atoms. All living things on Earth are composed of  organic molecules. A  molecule  is a group of atoms bonded together.  Organic  is an adjective that refers to compounds containing carbon, or, more broadly, to living organisms. Organic molecules  are essentially the “building blocks” of life because every living thing (plant or animal) is made of  organic molecules  and usually needs to consume other  organic molecules  to live.  Organic molecules  are responsible for the DNA and RNA in animals and plants.

8. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Familiar carbohydrates are GLUCOSE and starch Glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose are sugars Glucose and fructose have the same formula, C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrates provide the main source of energy ( ATP) for respiration in living organisms

9. STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE MOLECULE

10. Classification of sugars

11. Other carbohydrates 5 2. GLUCOSE +FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE ( common sugar we use) 1. TWO MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE =MALTOSE 3. HUNDREDS OF GLUCOSE MOLECUES JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM STARCH

12. SUGAR FORMS

13. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

14. TEST FOR STARCH

15. Test for Vitamin C

16. P r o t e i n s Proteins are made up of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen molecules but with the addition of nitrogen and small amounts of sulphur -Proteins are made up of units called amino acids -There are about 20 different amino acids. Examples are glycine ( Gly ), alanine (Ala), valine (Val) and cysteine (Cyst) -Proteins make up the structure of cells ; cytoplasm, nucleus cell membranes and enzymes, haemoglobin , antibodies, hormones, fibrin. 6

17. STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID

18. Protein structure and shape The way the amino acids join up, gives a protein molecule a particular shape, which is different for every protein Soluble proteins – HAEMOGLOBIN Insoluble protein - KERATIN High temperatures or certain chemicals can cause the protein molecule to lose its shape and its properties

19. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

20. TEST FOR PROTEINS

21. TEST FOR PROTEINS A protein alkaline solution is treated with one drop of aqueous copper sulphate and a bluish violet colour is seen. The Biuret test is useful in the identification of proteins and the protein estimation.

22. STRUCTURE OF TRIGLYCERIDES

23. FOOD TESTS Scientists often need to know whether or not a particular type of molecule is present in a solution. For e.g, a doctor might try to detect glucose in a urine sample (if it is present suggests the patient has diabetes) Simple chemical tests can be carried out on biological solutions.

24. Test for lipids: The emulsion test Ethanol is added to the unknown solution, and the mixture is gently shaken. The mixture is poured into a test tube containing an equal volume of water. If a lipid is present, a milky- white emulsion is formed.

25. A milky emulsion shows that a lipid is present

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS

27. DNA- A DOUBLE HELICAL STRUCTURE

28. The functions of nucleic acids have to do with  the storage and expression of genetic information . Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins. A related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that participate in protein synthesis.

29. Question 1 The correct formula for glucose is (a) C 12 H 22 O 11 C 5 H 10 O 5 C 4 H 8 O 4 C 6 H 12 O 6 2 9

30. Question 2 Which is the most accurate description of a carbohydrate? A carbohydrate contains carbon and oxygen carbon, oxygen and nitrogen carbon, hydrogen and oxygen carbon and hydrogen 3

31. Question 3 When two molecules of glucose combine, they form maltose sucrose fructose ribose 3 1

32. Question 4 Which is the most accurate description of a protein Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen carbon, nitrogen and oxygen 3 2

33. Question 5 Which statements are correct? Proteins are present in cell membranes cell walls cytoplasm nucleus 3 3

34. Question 6 High temperatures damage proteins by decomposing them changing their chemical composition changing their shape making them soluble 3 4

35. Question 7 A protein is made up of a series of glucose units fatty acids amino acids carbohydrates 3 5

36. Question 8 Lipids are made up of glycerol and amino acids glycerol and fatty acids protein and fatty acids starch and fatty acids 3 6