Chemsheets-GCSE-1311-Atomic-structure.pptx

atomic structure

1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE www. CHEMSHEETS .co.uk © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

2. TINY central nucleus – contains protons (+) and neutrons (0) electrons (–) move around outside nucleus in orbits / shells / energy levels most of the atom is empty space THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS 3-D 2-D not to scale © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

3. particle charge relative mass protons +1 1 neutron 1 electron –1 tiny ( 1 / 2000 ) Atoms are neutral so they contain the same number of protons as electrons THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

4. particle charge relative mass protons +1 1 neutron 1 electron –1 tiny ( 1 / 2000 ) THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS 2-D TINY central nucleus – contains protons (+) and neutrons (0) electrons (–) move around outside nucleus in orbits / shells / energy levels most of the atom is empty space most of the mass is in the nucleus not to scale © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

5. ATOMS scientists are keen to know what everything is made of for many years they thought the smallest particle was the atom (from original idea by Democritus – a Greek philosopher) © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

6. THOMSON – Plum pudding model 1897 – JJ Thompson discovered the electron – means that atoms are made up of smaller particles plum pudding model (chocolate chip muffin model) + solid ball of + charge (pudding / cake) small – electrons (plums / chocolate chips) © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

7. 1908-1913 – Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford RUTHERFORD-BOHR – Nuclear model fired alpha particles at very thin gold foil some bounced back or deflected image from Wikipedia ( Kurzon )

8. 1908-1913 – Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford small central + nucleus with most of the mass – electrons move around outside nucleus most of the atom is empty space, RUTHERFORD-BOHR – Nuclear model © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

9. NUCLEUS is really small nucleus = pea atom = football pitch

10. 1913 – Bohr small central + nucleus – electrons move around outside nucleus ( in shells ) most of the atom is empty space most of the mass is in the nucleus RUTHERFORD-BOHR – Nuclear model © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

11. 1932 – James Chadwick small central + nucleus, made of protons and neutrons – electrons move around outside nucleus ( in shells ) most of the atom is empty space most of the mass is in the nucleus CHADWICK – Nuclear model © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

12. Changes to atomic structure models indivisible 1897 electron discovered plum pudding model Thomson 1911 + nucleus discovered nuclear model Rutherford 1913 shells discovered nuclear model Bohr 1932 neutrons discovered nuclear model Chadwick © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

13. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Atomic number Atomic number determines which element it is (e.g. 6 protons = C) Elements in periodic table in order of atomic number © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Atomic number Atomic number determines which element it is (e.g. 6 protons = C) Elements in periodic table in order of atomic number © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 09-Jan-2020

15. Protons, neutrons, electrons 23 11 Na mass number = P + N atomic number = P Protons Neutrons Electrons 11 + 12 11 – © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

16. Protons, neutrons, electrons 19 9 F Protons Neutrons Electrons 9 + 10 9 – 40 18 Ar 18 + 22 18 – 35 17 Cl 17 + 18 17 – 37 17 Cl 17 + 20 17 – isotopes atoms of same element, different mass numbers same number of protons, different number of neutrons © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

17. IONS www. CHEMSHEETS .co.uk © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

18. IONS IONS are electrically charged They contain a different number of protons (+) and electrons (–) 1+ 2+ 1– 2– © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

19. IONS 7 3 Li Protons Neutrons Electrons 3 + 4 3 – 7 3 Li + 3 + 4 2 – © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

20. IONS 10 5 B Protons Neutrons Electrons 5 + 5 5 – 10 5 B 3+ 5 + 5 2 – © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

21. IONS 19 9 F Protons Neutrons Electrons 9 + 10 9 – 19 9 F – 9 + 10 10 – © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

22. IONS 16 8 O Protons Neutrons Electrons 8 + 8 8 – 16 8 O 2– 8 + 8 10 – © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

23. ELECTRON STRUCTURE www. CHEMSHEETS .co.uk © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020

24. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 1 H 1 electron 1

25. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 2 He 2 electrons 2

26. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 3 Li 3 electrons 2,1

27. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 4 Be 4 electrons 2,2

28. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 5 B 5 electrons 2,3

29. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 6 C 6 electrons 2,4

30. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 7 N 7 electrons 2,5

31. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 8 O 8 electrons 2,6

32. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 9 F 9 electrons 2,7

33. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 10 Ne 10 electrons 2,8

34. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 11 Na 11 electrons 2,8,1

35. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 12 Mg 12 electrons 2,8,2

36. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 13 Al 13 electrons 2,8,3

37. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 14 Si 14 electrons 2,8,4

38. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 15 P 15 electrons 2,8,5

39. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 16 S 16 electrons 2,8,6

40. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 17 Cl 17 electrons 2,8,7

41. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 18 Ar 18 electrons 2,8,8

42. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 19 K 19 electrons 2,8,8,1

43. Electrons fill the shells closest to the nucleus unless there is no space left in those shells Shell 1 holds a maximum of 2 e – Shell 2 holds a maximum of 8 e – Shell 3 holds the next 8 e – Shell 4 holds the next 2 e – This works for the first 20 elements 20 Ca 20 electrons 2,8,8,2

44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 2 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 3 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8 4 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2 5 6 Atomic number Group number = number of electrons in outer shell Period number = number of shells containing electrons © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1311 05-Jun-2020