chernobyl disaster that created chaos and destroyed so many lives

information on chernobyl disaster

1. SLIDE 1 - Chernobyl disaster SLIDE 2-3 - members SLIDE 4 - index SLIDE 5 - Чорнобиль (Chernobyl) SLIDE 6 - Chernobyl : A summery SlIDE 7-8 - Chernobyl disaster : the accident SLIDE 9 - The affected places SLIDE 10-11 - Long term effects SLIDE 12-13 - Current Situation SLIDE 14-15 - Economic statistics SLIDE 16 - WEBLIOGRAPHY SLIDE 17 - thank you

2. Чорнобиль (Chernobyl) 3 Photo of the town and Chernobyl Power plant from  Mir station , 1997

3. Chernobyl : A summery

4. Chernobyl disaster : the accident 25 April, prior to a routine shutdown, the reactor crew at Chernobyl 4 began preparing for a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following a loss of main electrical power supply. New voltage regulator designs were to be tested which included the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. The reactor was in an extremely unstable condition by the time its operator tried to shut it down. The control rods caused a dramatic power surge as they were inserted into the reactor , t he interaction of very hot fuel with the cooling water led to fuel fragmentation and an increase in pressure leading to destruction of the reactor. The overpressure caused the 1000 t cover plate of the reactor to become partially detached, rupturing the fuel channels and jamming all the control rods, which by that time were only halfway down. Intense steam generation then spread throughout the whole core causing a steam explosion and releasing fission products to the atmosphere. About two to three seconds later, a second explosion threw out fragments from the fuel channels and hot graphite. There is some dispute among experts about the character of this second explosion, but it is likely to have been caused by the production of hydrogen from zirconium-steam reactions.

5. The graphite (about a quarter of the 1200 tonnes of it was estimated to have been ejected) and fuel became incandescent and started a number of fires f , causing the main release of radioactivity into the environment. A total of about 14 EBq (14 x 10 18  Bq) of radioactivity was released, over half of it being from biologically-inert noble gases. About 200-300 tonnes of water per hour was injected into the intact half of the reactor using the auxiliary feedwater pumps but this was stopped after half a day owing to the danger of it flowing into and flooding units 1 and 2. From the 2 nd to 10 th day after the accident, some 5000 tonnes of boron, dolomite, sand, clay, and lead were dropped on to the burning core by helicopter in an effort to extinguish the blaze and limit the release of radioactive particles. The 1991 report by the State Committee on the Supervision of Safety in Industry and Nuclear Power on the root cause of the accident looked past the operator actions. It said that while it was certainly true the operators placed their reactor in a dangerously unstable condition (in fact in a condition which virtually guaranteed an accident) it was also true that in doing so they had not in fact violated a number of vital operating policies and principles, since no such policies and principles had been articulated. Additionally, the operating organization had not been made aware either of the specific vital safety significance of maintaining a minimum operating reactivity margin, or the general reactivity characteristics of the RBMK which made low power operation extremely hazardous. The damaged Chernobyl unit 4 reactor building CONTD……..

6. The affected places: 7

7. 8 Some sources state that two people were killed in the initial explosions, whereas others report that the figure was closer to 50. Dozens more people contracted serious radiation sickness- some of them later died. Between 50 and 185 million curies of radionuclides escaped into the atmosphere—several times more radioactivity than that created by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. This radioactivity was spread by the wind over Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine and soon reached as far west as france and Italy.  Millions of acres of forest and farmland were contaminated, and, although many thousands of people were evacuated, hundreds of thousands more remained in contaminated areas. In addition, in subsequent years many livestock were born deformed, and among humans several thousand radiation-induced illnesses and cancer deaths were expected in the long term. The Chernobyl disaster sparked  criticism  of unsafe procedures and design flaws in Soviet reactors, and it heightened resistance to the building of more such plants. Chernobyl Unit 2 was shut down after a 1991 fire, and Unit 1 remained on-line until 1996. Chernobyl Unit 3 continued to operate until 2000, when the nuclear power station was officially decommissioned. monument to emergency workers who responded to Chernobyl disaster The long shadow of Chernobyl Long term effects :

8. presentation title 9 Following the disaster, the Soviet Union created a circle-shaped exclusion zone with a radius of about 18.6 miles (30 km) centered on the nuclear power plant. The exclusion zone covered an area of about 1,017 square miles (2,634 square km) around the plant. However, it was later expanded to 1,600 square miles (4,143 square km) to include heavily radiated areas outside the initial zone. Although no people actually live in the exclusion zone, scientists, scavengers, and others may file for permits that allow them to enter for limited amounts of time. With the dissolution of the soviet union in 1991, control of the site passed to Ukraine. In 2011 the Ukrainian government opened parts of the exclusion zone to organized tour groups, and Chernobyl and the abandoned city of Pryp’yat became popular destinations for so-called “dark tourists.” During the Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022, Russian forces attacking from Belarus captured Chernobyl after a brief but pitched battle. Combat at the site of the world’s worst nuclear disaster led to concerns about damage to the containment structure and the possibility of  widespread  radioactive contamination. CONTD……..

9. Econ omic stati stics The costs of the Chernobyl nuclear accident can only be calculated with a high degree of estimation, given the non-market conditions prevailing at the time of the disaster and the high inflation and volatile exchange rates of the transition period that followed the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. However, the magnitude of the impact is clear from a variety of government estimates from the 1990s, which put the cost of the accident, over two decades, at hundreds of billions of dollars. The scale of the burden is clear from the wide range of costs incurred, both direct and indirect- Direct losses: Direct losses of fixed assets and other material goods together with expenditure on action to deal with the consequences of the disaster amounted by themselves to 9.2 billion roubles in 1986-1989. They include- losses of productive and non-productive fixed assets amounting to 900 million roubles- lost output in agriculture and other sectors amounting to about 1.2 billion, roubles- expenditure on the construction of housing, social and cultural facilities and services for the population affected by the Chernobyl disaster, road-building, measures to protect forests and water, decontamination operations and the provision of gas supplies to settlements amounting to 2.94 billion rouble.- various kinds of compensation paid to the population amounting to 1,25 billion roubles- payment of cash benefits because of restrictions on the consumption of agricultural products from local farms and private plots amounting to 180 million roubles. A summery:

10. 11 Indirect losses, however, represent an incomparably larger amount. The expenditure in question has been financed mainly from the State budget. Apart from budgetary allocations by the USSR State insurance agency insurance payments have been made to individuals and agricultural and co-operative organizations in the amount of 274 million roubles. The total expenditure also included money contributed voluntarily by individuals and organizations to the assistance fund for dealing with the after-effects of the Chernobyl disaster in the amount of 532 million roubles. Indirect losses: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR has appealed to parliamentarians in all countries and to international organizations to provide assistance in dealing with the problems arising from the Chernobyl disaster. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers of the Byelorussian SSR made a similar appeal on 20 February 1990. The Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR has appealed to Governments and public bodies in foreign countries and to international organizations for large-scale international co-operation in dealing with the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. A great contribution can be made to these efforts by United Nations organizations using the international machinery in order to further the economic and social progress of the peoples which have suffered from the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. Conclusion: CONTD…..

11. Current Situation The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone looks like a ghost town today. Buildings are decaying and crumbling as people are not allowed to live there. But that does not mean the land is completely empty. Despite the radioactivity, it used to be possible for tourists to visit the zone. As many as 100,000 people per year visited the abandoned area. But since February 2022, that has not been possible because of the Russian invasion. Before Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, there used to be a thriving tourism industry in Chernobyl, You could buy a day pass and go on a 'toxic tour' of the abandoned site. After Putin invaded Ukraine, however, everything changed. Following the disaster, the Soviet Union isolated the area in the Vyshhorod Raion of northern Kyiv Oblast—a piece of land measuring 1,040 square miles—and declared it to be the exclusion zone, considered the most severely affected area following the disaster. The zone remains in place, although the area is under constant supervision by scientists. The monitoring was made difficult last February 24, when Russian President  Vladmir Putin's troops invaded Ukraine

12. The environment of Chernobyl is a paradox, Despite its reputation as a wasteland, Chernobyl has become a site of high biodiversity. Around 350,000 people were forced to abandon their homes when the exclusion zone was created in the years following the 1986 nuclear accident, and since then nature has slowly begun to recover. Today, the zone hosts a growing habitat for populations of elk, wolves and even an endangered species of wild horse, which were almost driven to extinction in 20th century. Ph.D. research around Chernobyl regularly enter the zone to forage for wild berries and mushrooms, despite the risks of radiation Although it is largely abandoned, the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has become a haven for wildlife over the years.. CONTD……..

13. WEBLIOGRAPHY https-//www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2019/05/chernobyl-disaster-what-happened-and-long-term-impact https-//www.britannica.com/event/Chernobyl-disaster https-//www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/l-2/5-social-economic-impacts.htm https-//world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-accident.aspx https-//www.cbsnews.com/pictures/horrifying-photos-of-chernobyl-and-its-aftermath/ https-//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl https-//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster https-//www.wired.com/story/the-situation-at-chernobyl-is-deteriorating/ https-//www.newsweek.com/what-does-chernobyl-look-like-today-can-you-go-there

14. Thankyou.