Chewing pests of cotton

Chewing pests of cotton

1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH WHO IS THE MOST MERCIFUL AND THE MOST BENEFICENT

2. Insect Pests of Cotton Submitted by: M.Shoaib Semester: 7 th (Entomology) Course title: Integrated Pest Management College of Agriculture BZU bahadur campus Layyah 2

3. Insect Pests of Cotton Chewing Pests Pink Bollworm American Bollworm Army Worm Lucern Caterpillar Spotted Bollworm

4. Pink Bollworm Scientific name: Pectinophora gossypiella Family: Gelechiidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Most destructive pest of cotton. Distribution: Distributed world wide and found in USA, Africa, Australia & Asia including Pakistan and India. Food Plants: Besides Cotton it also feeds on Bhindi, Gulkhera, kanghi Booti. ETL: 5% damage of bolls.

5. Description of Stages Adult: Moths are dark brown. Forewings have blackish spots while the margins of the hind wings are deeply fringed. They measure about 8-9mm across the spread wings. Egg: Oval, white and turns brown later on. Larva: White when newly emerged while turns pink later on. 8-10mm in length. Pupa: Yellowish brown pupa equals the size of rice grain.

6. 8-16 Days 6-17 Days Lay 100-250 Eggs Hatching in 5-10 Days 2-29 Days Egg Larva Adult Pupa Life Cycle

7. Mode of damage Double seed formation. Rosette Flower formation. Larva feeds internally. Damaged bolls fall off pre-maturely. Those bolls which do mature Produce lint of highly poorer quality. Oil comes out of the damaged seeds due to high temperature. Yellow spots in cotton. Lower oil Extraction. Lower Spinning quality. Lower ginning percentage.

8. Control Cultural: Destruction of off-season cotton-sprouts and alternate host plants . After last picking grazing of sheep and goats on unwanted bolls. Deep ploughing to burry affected bolls after harvesting. Biological: Trichogramma chilonis destroys eggs . Apanteles spp , Bracon spp, Chelonus spp parasitize larvae. Anthocorid bug, Triphles spp feeds on eggs and first instar larvae. Chemical: 1- Endosulfan 1000-1250 ml/acre 2- Lambda-cyhalothin 330 ml/acre 3- Bifenthrin 250 ml/acre 4- Spinosad 80 ml/acre 5- Indoxacarb 175ml/acre

9. American Bollworm Scientific name: Helicoverpa armigera Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Destructive pest of cotton. Distribution: It is of cosmopolitan occurrence. Food Plants: Polyphagous pest; although prefers to attack Cotton and Gram but also feeds on Sorghum, Lucerne, Maize, Wheat, Tobacco, Berseem, Sunflower, Tomato, Pea etc. ETL: 6 eggs or larvae / 25 plants or 10% damage.

10. Description of Stages Adult: Yellowish brown .Forewings are brown with black spots and greyish wavy lines on upper side. While the hind wings are whitish with broad blackish band along the outer margin. 18-19 mm long. Egg: Eggs are ribbed and dome shaped. In the beginning pale white after 1day become pale brown and 1day before hatching become dark brown. Larva: Up to 8 larval instars. Pupa: Dark brown.14-18 mm in length.

11. 15-20 Days 8-15 Days Lay 600-1500 Eggs Hatching in 2-4 Days 7-25 Days Egg Larva Adult Pupa Life Cycle

12. Mode of damage Attack starts with the onset of monsoon rains. It hollows out squares from inside. Squares cannot develop into flowers and wither off. On Flowers larvae eat both male and female part. When bolls develop larvae migrates to bolls which they eat from inside. The attacked bolls show a prominent hole which is the indication of its attack. Holes made by this caterpillar are larger than holes made by other bollworms. A lot of dirty faeces accumulate on the boll surface. The 5 th and 6 th stage larvae bore & insert their heads into bolls and eat the inner contents while rest of their bodies remain outside the bolls.

13. Control Cultural: Pest can be suppressed by handpicking caterpillars in early stages of attack . Over irrigation and over fertilization should be avoided. Ploughing of field immediately after last picking of cotton. Alternate hosts should not be sown near cotton field such as Bhindi, Moong. Remove cotton sticks soon after harvest also remove affected bolls. Biological: Campoletis chloridae is effective larval parasitoid . Chemical: 1- Endosulfan 1000-1250 ml/acre 2- Lambda-cyhalothin 330 ml/acre 3- Bifenthrin 250 ml/acre 4- Spinosad 80 ml/acre 5- Indoxacarb 175ml/acre

14. Army Worm Scientific name: Spodoptera litura Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Potential pest of cotton and tobacco. Distribution: Pakistan, India and Australia. Food Plants: Besides Cotton and tobacco it also feeds on Bhindi, Potato, Sunflower, Cauliflower, Cabbage,, Groundnut, Berseem. ETL: Visual.

15. Description of Stages Adult: Pale brown in colour and 22 mm in length. Egg: Yellowish green. Larva: Up to 6 larval instars. Velvety black in colour and 35-40 mm in length. Pupa: Brown

16. 15-30 Days 7-15 Days In soil Lay 300 Eggs Hatching in 3-5 Days 3-15 Days Egg Larva Adult Pupa Life Cycle

17. Mode of damage Caterpillar do the damage only. They feed on the leaves of plants more especially the green fleshy area of fresh growth in b/w the veinlets leaving behind skeleton of leaves. The skeleton dries up and falls down. Yield potential highly affected. Mostly active at night.

18. Control Cultural: Pest can be suppressed by handpicking of egg masses & caterpillars. Ploughing of field after harvesting. Don't allow growing of Itsit and Jantar on borders or inside the cotton field. Biological: Natural enemies against larvae include Campoletis spp, Eriborus spp, Rogas spp. Chemical: 1- Endosulfan 1000-1250 ml/acre 2- Lambda-cyhalothin 330 ml/acre 3- Bifenthrin 250 ml/acre 4- Spinosad 80 ml/acre 5- Indoxacarb 175ml/acre

19. Lucern Caterpillar Scientific name: Spodoptera exigua Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Minor pest of cotton. Distribution: Pakistan, India, Europe, South Africa, USA, Canada. Food Plants: Polyphagous insect; attacks on Cotton, Jute, Maize, Sorghum, Gram, Linseed, Lentil, Cabbage, etc. ETL: Visual.

20. Description of Stages Adult: Pale brown in colour. Forewings are dark spotted and round while hindwings are white. Egg: Spherical and pearly white. They resemble poppy seeds. Larva: Colour of larvae depends on the crop on which they feed. Pupa: Brown.

21. 15-20 Days 5-7 Days Lay 200 Eggs Hatching in 1-3 Days 4-8 Days Egg Larva Adult Pupa Life Cycle

22. Mode of damage Young caterpillars start feeding in groups. They feeds on leaves making webs. Then they spread and hide under various shrubs. They come out in the morning and evening to feed on leaves. Damaged crop show a webbed appearance. Older caterpillars by feeding leave behind quite large hollow patches on the foliage. Young plants and early sown plants suffer more damage.

23. Control Cultural: Collection & destruction of egg masses & caterpillars. Biological: Natural enemy is Euplectus spp. Chemical: 1- Endosulfan 1000-1250 ml/acre 2- Lambda-cyhalothin 330 ml/acre 3- Bifenthrin 250 ml/acre 4- Spinosad 80 ml/acre 5- Indoxacarb 175ml/acre

24. Spotted Bollworm Scientific name: Earias insulana & Earias vitella Family: Noctuidae Order: Lepidoptera Status: Serious pest of cotton. Distribution: Pakistan, India, North Africa and other countries. Food Plants: Besides Cotton and it also feeds on Bhindi, Muskmelon, Sonchal. ETL: 3 larva / 25 plants or 10 % loss.

25. Description of Stages Adult: Earias insulana grass green in colour while Earias vitella straw yellow coloured . Egg: Greenish. Larva: E. insulana larvae are dull greenish white while E. vitella larvae are brownish. 20 mm in length. Pupa: Light brown in colour.

26. Summer: 7-25 Days Winter: 28-74 Days Summer: 7-25 Days Winter: 41-87 Days Lay 200-400 Eggs Summer: Hatching in 3-4 Days. Winter: Hatching in 7 days Summer: 18-34 Days Winter: 26-136 Days Egg Larva Adult Pupa Life Cycle

27. Mode of damage When cotton plant are young, the larvae bore into the terminal portion of the shoots, which wither away and dry up. Later on larvae cause damage by boring the flower buds, flowers and fruits of cotton. 30-40% shedding of the fruiting-bodies. The attacked bolls open prematurely and larval feeding spoils lint. By boll formation, the crop damaged severely in August and thereafter till boll removal. Poor lint quality produce.

28. Control Cultural: Clean Cultivation and Destruction of alternate host plants . Early sowing of cotton crop. Use of resistant varieties. Biological: Trichogramma chilonis & Trichogramma brasiliensis parasitizes eggs . Chemical: 1- Endosulfan 1000-1250 ml/acre 2- Lambda-cyhalothin 330 ml/acre 3- Bifenthrin 250 ml/acre 4- Spinosad 80 ml/acre 5- Indoxacarb 175ml/acre